Unit 7 Flashcards
what is learning
lasting changes from practice or experience, study
can be inferred from behaviour, since we cannot see learning
is an active behaviour
2 types of learning
associative learning and non-associative learning
associative learning
change from linking 2+ stimuli
non-associative learning
change from one stimuli
habituation
non-associative
weakening of response due to repetition
dishabituation
non-associative
return of response after period of non-exposure
sensitization
dramatic response to strong stimulus after exposure to multiple, smaller stimuli
classical conditioning
associative learning
controlling association of 2 stimuli
operant conditioning
associative learning
learning as a result of reward and punishment
created by skinner
unconditioned stimulus
leads to a response on its own
unconditioned response
natural, untaught response to US
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that eventually causes same response as UR
conditioned response
response taught for CS, usually same as UR
acquisition
initial learning period b/w stimulus and response
extinction
decrease of CR after repeated repetition with no outcome
spontaneous recovery
return of CR after a period of extinction
stimulus generalization
associating similar stimulus as the CS, eliciting the CR
i.e. squash = squirrel
stimulus discrimination
only respond to CS, not similar stimuli
higher-order conditioning
CS treated as US for further conditioning
i.e. food associated w can opener, can opener associated w coming down stairs, stairs associated w alarm clock
phobias
obsessive, irrational fears that can be conditioned
systematic desensitization
decreasing response to phobia by exposing patient to gradually larger amounts of stimulus
i.e. picture of spider, to video of spider, to actual spider
behaviour psychology
aims to eliminate phobias
conditioned taste aversion
aversion to taste when coupled with illness
adaptive, for survival
law of effect
behaviour is likely to occur again if rewarded, less likely to occur if punished
thorndike
created puzzle box
cat in box, released and given food if presses button –> eventually presses button every time
created law of effect
behaviourism
study and manipulation of behaviour
b.f. skinner
says organisms exert on the environment (operate on it) but DO NOT respond to the environment
reinforcer
produces increase in behaviour
negative reinforcement
takes away bad
increases behaviour by taking away unpleasant stimulus
i.e. nagging until clean room
positive reinforcement
giving good
increases behaviour by giving pleasant stimulus
i.e. giving sticker for getting A on test
punishment
experience that decreases behaviour
positive punishment
giving bad
decreases behaviour by giving unpleasant consequence
i.e. spanking child
negative punishment
taking away good
decreases behaviour by taking away pleasant stimulus
i.e. taking car keys
secondary reinforcer
neutral stimulus used to inc behaviour when paired w primary reinforcer
i.e. getting good grades associated w love
primary reinforcer
intrinsically rewarding stimulus for survival
i.e. food, water, shelter
primary punisher
naturally aversive stimulus
i.e. electric shock
secondary punisher
neutral stimulus becomes aversive when associated w prim punisher
i.e. criticism –> lack of love
intermittent reinforcement
behaviour is sometimes reinforced, results in longer acquisition but less extinction
continuous reinforcement
behaviour reinforced every time
interval schedule
how much time until reinforcement
ratio schedule
reinforcement after number of responses
variable ratio schedule
unpredictable reinforcement
steady rate of responding, lasts longer even w/o reinforcement
fixed interval schedule
response after certain time has elapsed i.e. every 10 minutes
fixed ratio schedule
reinforced after certain number of responses i.e. every 3rd time
high rate of response with occasional pauses
includes continuous reinforcement (after every response)
variable interval schedule
reinforcement in varying times
behaviour modification
using operant conditioning to change behaviour systematically
to make positive or remove negative behaviours
shaping
introducing new behaviour thru successive approximation until full behaviour emerges
i.e. teaching dog to roll over
observational learning
occurs w/o training by watching behaviours of others
vicarious learning
sees consequences of others’ behaviour, either replicates or avoids it
bandura
bobo doll experiment
children showed aggressive modelling, learning behaviour from watching adults attack bobo doll
mirror neurons
involved in observational learning, fires when we see someone performing same action as us to make connections
implicit learning
acquisition of info w/o awareness i.e. talking
insight learning
sudden realization of solution or understanding of concept
latent learning
occurs w/o reinforcement, only shown when it’s needed not conditioned
shown only after stimuli is given
i.e. mice in maze
spatial navigation learning
learning by making associations among stimuli to navigate space
type of shaping (more space shown at a time)
latent learning vs spatial navigation
latent: stimuli shown after learning is done
spatial: uses stimuli to obtain learning
4 things that facilitate learning
sleep, timing, context effect, awareness and attention
context effect
studying in diff locations improves memory of content
sleep
deprivation prevents info from moving into permanent memory
awareness and attention
multi-tasking doesn’t exist, reduces performance
stimuli block e/o if overlapping, i.e. english asmr and note-taking
stroop effect
part of aware/attent
inability to read colours if written in conflicting colour
timing
multiple, spread apart exposures to content most effective
