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PS101 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is learning

A

lasting changes from practice or experience, study

can be inferred from behaviour, since we cannot see learning

is an active behaviour

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2
Q

2 types of learning

A

associative learning and non-associative learning

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3
Q

associative learning

A

change from linking 2+ stimuli

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4
Q

non-associative learning

A

change from one stimuli

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5
Q

habituation

A

non-associative

weakening of response due to repetition

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6
Q

dishabituation

A

non-associative

return of response after period of non-exposure

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7
Q

sensitization

A

dramatic response to strong stimulus after exposure to multiple, smaller stimuli

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

associative learning

controlling association of 2 stimuli

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9
Q

operant conditioning

A

associative learning

learning as a result of reward and punishment

created by skinner

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10
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

leads to a response on its own

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11
Q

unconditioned response

A

natural, untaught response to US

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus that eventually causes same response as UR

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13
Q

conditioned response

A

response taught for CS, usually same as UR

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14
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning period b/w stimulus and response

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15
Q

extinction

A

decrease of CR after repeated repetition with no outcome

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

return of CR after a period of extinction

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17
Q

stimulus generalization

A

associating similar stimulus as the CS, eliciting the CR

i.e. squash = squirrel

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18
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

only respond to CS, not similar stimuli

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19
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

CS treated as US for further conditioning

i.e. food associated w can opener, can opener associated w coming down stairs, stairs associated w alarm clock

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20
Q

phobias

A

obsessive, irrational fears that can be conditioned

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21
Q

systematic desensitization

A

decreasing response to phobia by exposing patient to gradually larger amounts of stimulus

i.e. picture of spider, to video of spider, to actual spider

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22
Q

behaviour psychology

A

aims to eliminate phobias

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23
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

aversion to taste when coupled with illness

adaptive, for survival

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24
Q

law of effect

A

behaviour is likely to occur again if rewarded, less likely to occur if punished

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25
Q

thorndike

A

created puzzle box

cat in box, released and given food if presses button –> eventually presses button every time

created law of effect

26
Q

behaviourism

A

study and manipulation of behaviour

27
Q

b.f. skinner

A

says organisms exert on the environment (operate on it) but DO NOT respond to the environment

28
Q

reinforcer

A

produces increase in behaviour

29
Q

negative reinforcement

A

takes away bad

increases behaviour by taking away unpleasant stimulus

i.e. nagging until clean room

30
Q

positive reinforcement

A

giving good

increases behaviour by giving pleasant stimulus

i.e. giving sticker for getting A on test

31
Q

punishment

A

experience that decreases behaviour

32
Q

positive punishment

A

giving bad

decreases behaviour by giving unpleasant consequence

i.e. spanking child

33
Q

negative punishment

A

taking away good

decreases behaviour by taking away pleasant stimulus

i.e. taking car keys

34
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

neutral stimulus used to inc behaviour when paired w primary reinforcer

i.e. getting good grades associated w love

35
Q

primary reinforcer

A

intrinsically rewarding stimulus for survival

i.e. food, water, shelter

36
Q

primary punisher

A

naturally aversive stimulus

i.e. electric shock

37
Q

secondary punisher

A

neutral stimulus becomes aversive when associated w prim punisher

i.e. criticism –> lack of love

38
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

behaviour is sometimes reinforced, results in longer acquisition but less extinction

39
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

behaviour reinforced every time

40
Q

interval schedule

A

how much time until reinforcement

41
Q

ratio schedule

A

reinforcement after number of responses

42
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

unpredictable reinforcement

steady rate of responding, lasts longer even w/o reinforcement

43
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

response after certain time has elapsed i.e. every 10 minutes

44
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforced after certain number of responses i.e. every 3rd time

high rate of response with occasional pauses

includes continuous reinforcement (after every response)

45
Q

variable interval schedule

A

reinforcement in varying times

46
Q

behaviour modification

A

using operant conditioning to change behaviour systematically

to make positive or remove negative behaviours

47
Q

shaping

A

introducing new behaviour thru successive approximation until full behaviour emerges

i.e. teaching dog to roll over

48
Q

observational learning

A

occurs w/o training by watching behaviours of others

49
Q

vicarious learning

A

sees consequences of others’ behaviour, either replicates or avoids it

50
Q

bandura

A

bobo doll experiment

children showed aggressive modelling, learning behaviour from watching adults attack bobo doll

51
Q

mirror neurons

A

involved in observational learning, fires when we see someone performing same action as us to make connections

52
Q

implicit learning

A

acquisition of info w/o awareness i.e. talking

53
Q

insight learning

A

sudden realization of solution or understanding of concept

54
Q

latent learning

A

occurs w/o reinforcement, only shown when it’s needed not conditioned

shown only after stimuli is given

i.e. mice in maze

55
Q

spatial navigation learning

A

learning by making associations among stimuli to navigate space

type of shaping (more space shown at a time)

56
Q

latent learning vs spatial navigation

A

latent: stimuli shown after learning is done

spatial: uses stimuli to obtain learning

57
Q

4 things that facilitate learning

A

sleep, timing, context effect, awareness and attention

58
Q

context effect

A

studying in diff locations improves memory of content

59
Q

sleep

A

deprivation prevents info from moving into permanent memory

60
Q

awareness and attention

A

multi-tasking doesn’t exist, reduces performance

stimuli block e/o if overlapping, i.e. english asmr and note-taking

61
Q

stroop effect

A

part of aware/attent

inability to read colours if written in conflicting colour

62
Q

timing

A

multiple, spread apart exposures to content most effective

PS101 (11 decks)

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