Unit 12 Flashcards
personality
characteristics as a result of enduring patterns of experience and behaviour
psychoanalytic theory
made by freud
people are mainly influenced by unconsciousness coming into awareness
freud
developed psychoanalysis: talking to clients
discovered parent-child relationship and influence on adulthood, defense mechanisms
3 forces of personality
id: instinctual drives we are born with, following the pleasure principle (seek pleasure, avoid pain)
ego: rational thoughts developed from learning, satisfies id appropriate to environment
superego: forms during childhood, moral limits, includes internalization of values and guilty conscious
psychosexual stages
phallic, oral, anal, latent, genital
focus on erogenous zones, if issues not resolved will result in being stuck at stage
phallic stage
attraction to parent, results in confusion in sexual role
genital
mature relationships, results in relationship problems
oral
weaning, focus on oral pleasure i.e. cigarettes
anal
potty training, become obsessed w tidiness and control
latent
hatred of same-sex parent, no fixations
defense mechanisms
unconscious tactic to protect self from internal conflict
denial
refusing to acknowledge current situation
repression
burying painful thoughts into unconscious
why is freud discredited?
didn’t take notes, made stuff up, ideas cannot be scientifically proven
neo-freudians
believe human functions from underlying forces
believe unconscious mind is majority, childhood shapes personality, and we struggle internally
alfred adler
social needs and conscious thoughts cause personality, not sexual needs
inferiority complex: need for domination
carl jung
personal unconscious: formed thru individual experience
collective unconscious: shared info from entire human race
archetypes: carry across cultures
karen horney
rejected penis envy, says women desire power men have from society
culture impacts development
isolated kids may have anxiety, can lead to illness
humanistic perspective
maslow and rogers
abraham maslow
created heirarchy of needs
says humans want to reach full potential, called self-actualization
should study healthy people
carl rogers
humans are good and want self-actualization
started positive psychology
hierarchy of needs
basic needs, psychological needs, self-fulfillment
not all reach top
self-concept
rogers
consistent pattern of self-perception used to characterize person
unconditional positive regard
unconditional acceptance w/o conditions, used so patients don’t feel attacked
client-centred therapy
rogers
client views self worth and childhood objectively, and therapist doesn’t assume anything
personality trait
tendencies to behave are constant across conditions
gordon allport
1st trait theory, worked on case studies
made lexical hypothesis: language contains ways people differ
hans eysneck
created superfactors
superfactors
eysneck made 3, they encompass many smaller traits
neuroticism: negativity
extraversion: outgoingness
psychoticism: out of touch
5-factor model
proposes 5 traits, empirically found
openness
conscientiousness
neuroticism
agreeableness
pros and cons trait theories
pros
- easy to predict adult traits
- strong genetic contribution
cons
- oversimplifies humans
- personality fixed, when it’s changing
situationism
behaviour is result of situations over internal traits i.e. quiet at funeral, loud at home
interactionism
relationship b/w reinforcing aspects of situation
our behaviour is because of our interactions w others
i.e. praise makes you think you’re good student
personal inventories
questionnaires to assess personality
MMPI-1
obscure y/n questions to assess abnormal personality traits
valid due to obscurity, avoids social desire to conform
NEO personality inventory
scores neuroticism, openness, extraversion
projective tests
use ambiguous situations to assess unconscious
inkblot test
not valid
make participant form meaning from ink
thematic apperception test (TET)
makes stories from images, systematic but low validity
genes vs environment
genes have greater influence than environment i.e. twins
environment can lead to illness is there’s genetic predisposition
amygdala and personality
kids in bad situations have easily activated amygdala, making them shyer or scared
gender and personality
more similarities than differences
biases lead to incorrect conclusions from correlations
gilligan
men have higher individuality and autonomy
women have higher social and connectedness
hyde
genders have differences in aggression, motor skills, bcs of testosterone
result of societal expectations over hormones
collectivist cultures
view individual as part of the group
agreeable members
individualist cultures
value individual achievement, self as individual
more extraversion and openness
socioeconomic situation
poor state = higher impulsivity
ability to delay gratification higher depending on culture, and trust in situation
personality disorders
inflexible patterns that cause distress or interruptions
BPD
feelings of abandonment, instable emotions and self-concept (pattern of self-perception) outbursts
antisocial personality disorder
higher in men
extreme disregard of others feelings and rights, exploitative, reckless, egotisitcal
4 features of personality disorders
1) distorted thinking patterns
2) poor emotional response
3) impulse control issues
4) problems in relationships
