Unit 16 Flashcards
3 components treatment
1) sufferer who seeks help
2) healer who gives assistance
3) series of contacts with goal of changing attitudes, behaviours
psychotherapy vs biological therapy
psycho: words/acts to overcome psych difficulties
bio: drugs and physiological intervention i.e. surgery
deinstutionalization
abolishing PRIVATE institutions i.e. psych hospitals and return to families
canadian mental health act
gives patients rights, cannot force them to be hospitalized
only involuntary admitted if pose a risk to self or others in front of judge
psychotropic drugs
act on brain
i.e. antianxiety, antipsychotics
regression to the mean
when patient goes to doctor at peak of illness, then naturally recovers
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treats severe depression, send electrical signal to brain to cause SEIZURE, very traumatic and can cause memory loss
70% success in severe depression
vagus nerve stimulation
implant that stimulates left vagus nerve to reduce depression, since may not be active enough
transcranial magnetic stimulation
non-invasive, electromagnetic coil on head to send signal to PREFRONTAL CORTEX
needs mult attempts, depressed may have underactive prefrontal cortex
trephining
drilling hole into skull to release evil spirits, ancient method
lobotomy
cut connection between frontal lobe and lower brain for schizophrenics
intellectual loss, seizure, death
deep brain stimulation
implanted electrodes give CONSTANT low voltage to brain but still in experimental phase
treats depression, PARKINSONS, seizures
strengths vs weaknesses bio approaches
strength: last case resort
weakness: psych approaches can be just as effective, didn’t give it the chance
free association
patient is able to talk about whatever they want
reveals unconscious thoughts about events discussed
resistance
patient doesn’t want to talk about something, or changes subject
may be unconsciously done to avoid pain
transference
transferring feelings about childhood figures to therapist
allows deeper understanding of childhood
dream interpretation
freud said the unconsciousness was unguarded during sleep
catharsis
relief from unrepressing trauma
working through
going over the traumatic over and over again to understand it
short-term psychodynamic theory
cost-efficient and time-efficient
therapist and patient only focus on one subject called dynamic focus
rational psychodynamic theory
therapists are key, and patients should understand their therapists in order to open up to them
pros and cons psychodynamic approach
strengths
- says psychological approach has potential over biology
weakness
- not supported by science
behavioural therapies
says behaviours taught thru classical and operant conditioning
replace negative behaviours with healthy ones
classical conditioning techniques
systematic desensitization: exposing to increasingly larger stimulus, for phobias, PTSD, anxiety etc.
aversion therapy: therapist helps ACQUIRE anxiety around excessively enticing stimulus i.e. electric shock when drink alcohol
operant conditioning techniques
reward desired behaviours and WITHOLD rewards with negative behaviour
token economies: give tokens to receieve reward when show desired behaviour i.e. prison stamps for cigarettes
modelling techniques
therapists demonstrate behaviour for patient to practice and replicate
social skills training: role playing scenarios to implement irl
pros and cons behavioural approach
strengths
- widely studied and supported
- effective for many disorders
weakness
- doesn’t work for generalized disorders, because not specific stimulus
CBT techniques
ellis and beck
ellis’s rational-emotive therapy
identify IRRATIONAL ASSUMPTIONS that lead to disordered behaviours
1) point out irrationality
2) model alternative behaviours
3) cognitive restructuring: replace negative w positive
4) helps w anxiety and assertiveness
beck’s cognitive therapy
identify and change negative thoughts
as effective as drug therapy 2/3
used for social anxiety disorders
2nd wave CBT
recognize negative thoughts are only thoughts
acceptance > elimination, helps w general anxiety
pros vs cons CBT
pros
- specific and general
- supported
cons
- unclear role of C
humanists vs existentialists
humanists: we are meant to fulfill potential
existentialist: we must take responsibility for our futures and choices
gestalt therapy
guide towards self-acceptance by frustrating patient w roleplaying and rules
roger’s client-centered therapy
give clients unconditional positive regard
accurate empathy: skillful listening and repeating of comments
gestalt techniques
skillful frustration: therapists refuse to meet demands, show client how often they manipulate others to meet needs
role playing: encourage full acceptance of emotions
rules: make client focus on self i.e. only use possessive pronouns
pros cons humanistic/existential approach
pros
- see positive in humans
cons
- only partially supported, difficult to research
community treatment
emphasizes prevention of illness
primary: prevention of general disorder
secondary: detecting early stage disorders
tertiary: prevent making severe go to chronic
culture-sensitive therapy
takes into account cultural values and stresses
feminist therapy/gender-sensitive
acknowledge stressors of girls and women
