Unit 6.4 - Global Economic Developments from 1750-1900 Flashcards
Drivers (3) of economic imperialism
A desire for raw materials, new markets to sell their manufactured goods in, and low-wage labor forces.
Economics was one of the most _____ driving _____.
influential motives driving imperialism.
Economic Imperialism
a situation where one country has significant economic power over another country but may not control their government
Shortcomings of Roads
There were few of them within colonies, were poorly maintained, and couldn’t be used during rainy seasons
Shortcomings of Waterways
They were limited to coastal areas and river basins
Benefits (2) of introducing railroads to colonies
They could transport raw materials from colonies to Europe for lower costs and opened up colonial markets for manufactured goods
Europeans believed railroads ________ the people of Africa/Asia
helped (but in reality mainly served the interests of colonizers)
Where Cecil Rhodes’ Railroad was supposed to stretch from
Cape Town (Cape Colony, South Afr.) to Cairo, Egypt
Why did Rhodes want to connect all British colonies in Africa?
It would make governance easier and help with mobilizing (preparing and organizing troops) for war
Why was Rhodes’ railroad never completed?
Britain did not gain control over all the lands the railroad would be built in
What was railroad technology in Africa the means of doing?
Extracting as many resources as possible while paying colonial workers as little as possible
What did steamboats transport?
Mail, goods, and people
Change in steamboats in the 1870s
Efficient steam engines replaced the large quantities of coal needed to fuel them and compression refrigeration equipment allowed for perishables like meat/dairy to be transported across oceans
Effect of steamboats changing on their use
They were practical for long distances
Service that allowed for instantaneous transmission of information
Telegraphs
What did telegraph lines often follow?
Railroad routes
Technological advancement in 1850
Telegraphs were introduced to India
Technological advancement in 1866
The first permanent transatlantic cable was placed between the U.S. and England
Technological advancement in 1872
Telegraph service laid between England and Australia
Technological advancement in 1874
Telegraph service between Portugal and Brazil connects Europe and South America
Subsistence Farming
Farming to grow crops to provide only what one needs for them and their family
Cash Crops
Crops grown for their commercial value rather than for the use of those how grew them
Cash crops of Africa
Tea, coffee, cotton, sugar, rubber, and oil palms
Effect of growing cash crops on the price of food
They increased because less farming was done for food that could be eaten
What did the growing European middle class create a demand for?
Meat
Guano
Bat and Sea Bird Droppings
Why was so much guano mined?
It was an excellent natural fertilizer
Export Economies
Colonies that had raw materials that were exported, turned into manufactured goods, and often sold back to them
Why Great Britain banned Indian Cotton in 1721
Indian cotton created competition against their local wool industry.
Where did Great Britain get most of its cotton?
American colonies in the south
American Civil War impact on the cotton industry
North warships blocked Confederate ports, cutting off Britain’s supply of cotton and so farmers all across the world replaced food production with cotton
Who benefited from the change in the cotton industry and how?
India and Egypt especially because they had a variety of cotton, increased their production, and then were able to support the manufacturing of Britain’s textiles with their cotton
Vulcanization
A process by Charles Goodyear that got rid of the problem with rubber softening when warm and hardening when cold
Origin of rubber
Trees in the Amazon rainforest
Origin of latex
Central African vines
Cause for increase in demand for rubber
It became an important industrial material
What was rubber used for?
Tires for bicycles/cars, hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, and shoe soles
Rubber Baron and how they treated their workers
Business owners/executives who use ethically-questionable tactics to acquire wealth. Rubber barons forced indigenous people into slavery and then would mutilate or kill them for failing to meet their quotas.
How did Great Britain ensure they had enough rubber sources
The British India Office acquired rubber tree seeds, cleared thousands of acres of land, and then planted them in SE Asia, such as in Malaya, Indochina, and the Dutch East Indies
Palm oil’s use and what it made
For lubricating machines and making candles
Examples of how Important Palm Oil was to West Africa
It was a food staple and sometimes used as currency in place of money
Who farmed palm oil?
Enslaved prisoners of tribal war in West Africa
Where did ivory come from?
The tusks of elephants
Use of ivory
Since it was durable, it was used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carvings
How did Ivory Coast get its name?
Under France, it was originally set up for acquiring ivory and buying slaves
Mexico produced ______
silver
Chile produced ______
copper
North Rhodesia and the Congo produced ______
copper
Use of Copper
Making telegraph cables and electrical power lines (because it’s very conductive and cheaper than gold)
Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, and Dutch East Indies produced ______
Tin
What did tin help meet the demand for?
Food in tin cans
The role of Cecil Rhodes and De Beer Mining Company on Africa
Cecil Rhodes acquired mining claims and formed the De Beers Mining Company which would account for 90% of diamond production and was important in the field of gold. As the most powerful man in Southern Africa, he became prime minister of Cape Colony and established apartheid, racial segragation, plaguing South Africas throughout the 20th Century.
Industrialization was accompanied by the need to find raw materials that could be turned into _______
Finished products to be sold globally.
As urban populations grew, the demand for _______ was met by imports
food
Food imports were made possible new technologies like _______
Refrigeration
As nations grew wealthier, what developed?
Stock Exchanges
Stock Exchanges allowed more people to do what with their capital?
Invest
Stock Exchanges increased the need to do what to global markets and investments?
Protect them
Change in Farming that led to Monocultures
Farmers were forced to raise cash crops only
Monoculture
A lack of agricultural diversity
How Cash Crops/Monoculture Damage the Land
Cause deforestation, deplete soil’s natural fertility, and spread pests/crop diseases more easily
Consequences of Cash Crops Farming on Former Colonies
They are still not able to rediversify their land use and have to import basic agricultural goods to feed their people
Australia, South Afr., parts of West Afr., and Alaska produced ______
Large deposits of gold
