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APWH: Unit 6 > Unit 6.2 - State Expansion > Flashcards

Unit 6.2 - State Expansion Flashcards

1
Q

King Leopold

A

King of Belgium who wanted to conquer the Congo but was so abusive of his power Belgian Parliament took control of the region (which he established privately for himself) away

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2
Q

Europe’s Relationship with Africa

A

They’d had a relationship of trading dating back to the slave trade and now to exporting (guns, alcohol, manufactured goods) and importing African natural resources (palm oil, diamonds…)

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3
Q

Why did the European presence change from being limited to just Africa?

A

Going from mostly trade post empires to colonies, this change was caused by new warfare and technology like quinine (medicine to help treat diseases like malaria) allowed Europeans to expand and survive in Africa

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4
Q

Significance of Suez Canal

A

A dream of the Europeans to create a canal from the Red Sea to Mediterranean sea, cutting out the long voyage to Asia around Africa, was finally made a reality

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5
Q

How was the Suez Canal Built?

A

Overseen by a French company, it was carried out by 1.5 million Egyptian workers who were unpaid but forced to work (corvée laborers)

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6
Q

Suez Canal Impact on Egypt

A

It was seized by the British from the Ottoman for their commercial interests and goals

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7
Q

Sierra Leone

A

British colony that served as a home for freed people of the British empire who used to be enslaved

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8
Q

Gambia

A

British colony also used as a base to try and stop the illegal export of enslaved people in

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9
Q

Lagos

A

British colony that served as the annexation of mainly Nigeria

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10
Q

Ghana/The Gold Coast

A

British crown colony (controlled by the British government)

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11
Q

What did Britain bring to their colonies?

A

Western education, English, and Christianity

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12
Q

How did Britain expand their empire in West Africa?

A

Diplomacy and warfare; started out diplomatic with Britain signing compromised treaties with rulers who believed they were protecting their rule and trade but it escalated into expanding through warfare as competition between European nations worsened.

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13
Q

French Presence in Africa

A

Had settler colonies and a lot of trade post empires (in places like Algeria, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Niger) to try and compete with British West African colonies

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14
Q

Settler Colony

A

A colony where a country sends its people to live permanently

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15
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

The competition between European states over the land of Africa and it’s natural resources

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16
Q

Diplomacy

A

Solving conflicts peacefully and verbally instead of with violence

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17
Q

Berlin Conference

A

Hosted by Otton Von Bismarck in order to keep peace in Europe, European powers met to diplomatically colonize Africa

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18
Q

Who was and wasn’t Involved in the Berlin Conference?

A

European powers were invited but Africa was not

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19
Q

Cause of the Boer War Conflict (why groups had tension)

A

Britain had replaced the rule of the Dutch in the Cape Colony and fought with Afriakners over land for years, leading to the Boer Wars.

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20
Q

Afrikaners

A

Descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers

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21
Q

Concentration Camps

A

Refugee camps segregated by race with horrible, poor living conditions

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22
Q

Impact/Result of the Boer Wars

A

Africans and Afrikaners were driven into concentration camps, where many of them died due to harsh living conditions. Even with activists trying to improve them, only white camps were slight changed.

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23
Q

Was King Leopold’s Rule of the Congo Different or Unique Compared to Other Colonizing Countries?

A

Unlike other colonizers, King Leopold personally owned the Congo. He exploited the Congolese to keep the profits made by the Congo Free State

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24
Q

Why did King Leopold Colonize the Congo?

A

He colonized the Congo in order to persuade the Belgian government to support colonization

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25
Q

Leopold’s treatment of the Congolese

A

He was ruthless, having agents sever the hands of some Congolese workers to scare others into submission, those who could not meet their quota were beaten or killed, and others were worked to death

26
Q

Other sufferings of the Congolese

A

They were not paid for their labor and their spouses were often held captive so that they wouldn’t run away

27
Q

Impact of Leopold’s leadership in the Congo

A

As many as 8 million people died

28
Q

What Countries were Unclaimed by Europe by the 1900s and Why?

A

Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia. Liberia was founded by formerly enslaved people of the US and wasn’t fully independent because they relied on the US while native forces in Abyssinia were too strong for the Italians to conquer

29
Q

What Europeans Want from South Asia and How it Causes the Seven Years’ War

A

Portugal, France, and Britain competed and fought with each other for control over India and their spices, gems, and trade with eastern regions by trying to establish trading ports around however Britain won in the end.

30
Q

Role of East India Company in Seven Years Role

A

Helped establish the control of Britain by encroaching (intruding) on the land of the Mughal Empire until they controlled all of India

31
Q

Sepoys

A

Indian soldiers recruited by the British when they started controlling more of India (but ended up revolting because they were upset by the colonization and how their religious practices like kosher were not respected with animal fat around bullets they’d have to bite off)

32
Q

Difference between the Imperialization of China vs. SA/Africa

A

China kept its government while European nations simply had spheres of influence within their country

33
Q

Sphere of Influence

A

A territory in which a nation has exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources within another nation’s land

34
Q

How did internal problems within the Qing government impact China’s economic affairs?

A

They weakened the government and made it easier for the European nations to dominate their economies and erode their sovereignty.

35
Q

Taiping Rebellion (Problem in China)

A

Starved peasants, workers, and miners attempt to overthrow the Qing Dynasty but fail because of intervention from warlords and the French and British and ended in more than 20 million deaths

36
Q

Yellow River/Huang He (Problem in China)

A

Flooded farmlands and left others open to drought causing a famine

37
Q

Bubonic Plague (Problem in China)

A

Broke out amongst the time of China’s other problems

38
Q

Boxer Rebellion (Problem in China)

A

Chinese martial artists were attacking Chinese Christians and Western Influences. Empress Cixi encouraged them to kill all foreigners but only around 200-250 foreigners died while 100,000 were Chinese Christians, humiliating the Qing court and undermining their legitimacy.

39
Q

Ceylon

A

Sri Lanka

40
Q

Why did Japan end its isolation in 1853 and what impact did that have?

A

They were intimidated into ending their isolation by US general Matthew Perry and his warships. This introduced them to Western influences and with defensive modernization (selective about what tech. they adopted) and the Meiji Restoration, became a strong independent power.

41
Q

Where is Japan colonizing? How could it help them successfully colonize further?

A

In order to relieve population pressure and to gain knowledge of foreign places, they colonized through society (colonization society, sent their workers to places like Hawaii, Guam, and other locations), planning to establish colonies in Mexico and Latin America in addition to an East Asian Empire including parts of China, Korea, SE Asia, and the Pacific Islands

42
Q

Impact of the Dutch in SE Asia

A

Took control of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and the spice trade from the Portuguese with the help of the Dutch East India Company. They produced many cash crops to grow wealthy but Indonesia people also suffered because rice cultivation was limited to make room for the cash crops but they needed rice to survive. They were criticized for their policies and the humanitarian reforms they tried to make did not meet the needs of the Indonesian

43
Q

Impact of the French in SE Asia

A

Also motivated by cash crops and out of a desire to have an imperial presence in Asia, France took control of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, also known as French Indochina

44
Q

Impact of the British in SE Asia

A

With the help of the BIC, the British colonized the Malay Peninsula, Burma, and north. Borneo for its mineral wealth and cash crops. Also founded the most important seaport in Singapore.

45
Q

Impact of Siam (Thailand)

A

Remained independent through diplomacy with France and Britain and modernized during this time in order to become efficient and strong

46
Q

Why did the British decide to colonize Australia?

A

Because they lost their American colonies. They located a penal colony here instead.

47
Q

Penal Colony

A

A settlement where prisoners are exiled and alienated from society by placing them in a distant colony or remote location

48
Q

Impact of British rule on Australia and New Zealand

A

The Discovery of copper and the ability to produce fine wool brought more people to Australia instead of it only being a place to house convicts. New Zealand became an independent colony but the British continuing to encroach on their land led to conflicts between the Maroi and British

49
Q

Treaty of Waitangi

A

A treaty that guaranteed that the original Maori inhabitants had the right to be protected by the British crown

50
Q

How did the US imperialize American lands?

A

By driving indigenous people out of the land

51
Q

Trail of Tears

A

The forced migration of indigenous people into new “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma) in which many died along the way from exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion

52
Q

How did the Monroe Doctrine give the US power in the Americas?

A

It stated that European powers should stay out of the affairs of Western Hemisphere countries, giving the US more power to expand their territory without worrying about intervention from Europe

53
Q

Manifest Destiny (and its connection to Imperialism)

A

A belief of White Americans; that they had the right and duty to expand to the Pacific Ocean. It led to them buying Alaska from Russia, and continuing to force Native Americans out of their land.

54
Q

What spurred the development of the Americans in the west?

A

The completion of a transcontinental railway.

55
Q

What countries overseas were colonized by the US and what were their impacts?

A

Hawaii was annexed and the Spanish-American War gave Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the US. Led to the Roosevelt Corollary

56
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

A

Statement by President Theodore Roosevelt that if Latin American countries “demonstrated instability”, the US would intervene, like US troops occupying the Dominican Republic until they repaid their foreign debts.

57
Q

Expansion of Russia (where and when)

A

During the reign of Catherine II and her grandson Alexander I, they expanded into half of Poland, land from the Ottoman Empire, Finland, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

58
Q

Russian-American Company

A

A company similar to the British and Dutch East India Companies that occupied Sitka

59
Q

Great Game

A

The rivalry between the British and Russia over Central Asia and specifically Afghanistan

60
Q

Russia’s role in the Great Game

A

Their desire to expand overlapped with the plans of the British causing political tension and rivalry.

APWH: Unit 6 (7 decks)

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