UNIT 6: STAGES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Flashcards
What goes on while we sleep?
Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we dream.
It is the awareness of internal and external stimul
Consciousness
Pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions.
Internal stimuli
Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the temperature, and hearing the voice of a friend.
External stimuli
Defined as internal rhythms of biological activity.
Biological rhythms
A biological rhythm that takes place over about 24 hours.
Circadian rhythm
It is the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level within a biological system.
Homeostasis?
The brain’s clock mechanism located in an area of the hypothalamus.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
A collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.
Jet lag
A work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.
Rotating shift work
A person with a sleep debt does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis.
Sleep debt
Refers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep.
Sleep rebound
Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using —– electroencephalography (EEG)?
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Subdivided into four stages distinguished by characteristic patterns of brain waves.
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
Stages of NREM
A transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep.
Stage 1 of NREM sleep
Stages of NREM
The body goes into a state of deep relaxation with theta waves and sleep spindles.
Stage 2 of NREM sleep
Bursts of neural activity that occur during NREM sleep, hallmark of stage 2 sleep.
Sleep spindles
Stages of NREM
Deep sleep or slow-wave sleep characterized by low frequency and high amplitude delta waves.
Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep
A common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, stay asleep, or cause early waking.
Insomnia
Type of Insomnia
The most common form of insomnia, lasting for a few days or weeks.
Acute insomnia
Type of Insomnia
Insomnia lasting for at least three nights a week over three months or longer.
Chronic insomnia
Type of Insomnia
Trouble falling asleep at the beginning of the night.
Onset insomnia
Type of Insomnia
Difficulty staying asleep throughout the night.
Maintenance insomnia
Type of Insomnia
Waking up too early in the morning and unable to fall back asleep.
Early morning awakening insomnia
Type of Insomnia
A rare type of insomnia causing individuals to underestimate how much they sleep.
Paradoxical insomnia
What causes insomnia?
- Stress
- Travel or work schedule
- Poor sleep habits
- Medications,
- Mental health disorders.
How is insomnia diagnosed?
Symptoms must present at least three nights per week for at least one month.
How to prevent insomnia?
- Keep a consistent sleep schedule
- Stay active
- Create a relaxing bedtime ritual
Disruptive sleep disorders occurring during arousals from REM or NREM sleep.
Parasomnias
What are types of REM parasomnias?
- Nightmares
- Sleep paralysis
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
Types of REM parasomnias
Are vivid dreams during sleep that can cause feelings of fear, terror, and/ or anxiety.
Nightmares
types of REM parasomnias
This is a sleep disorder where individuals are not able to move the body or limbs when falling asleep or waking up due to their muscles being briefly paralyzed, even though they are awake.
Sleep paralysis
types of REM parasomnias
Is a REM parasomnia where individuals act out dramatic and/or violent dreams during REM sleep.
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
What are types of NREM parasomnias?
- Sleep terrors
- Sleepwalking
- Confusional arousals
types of NREM parasomnias
arouses from sleep in a terrified state often accompanied by crying or screaming, with an increase in heart rate or breathing, sweating, or flushing of the skin.
Sleep terrors
types of NREM parasomnias
occurs when a person appears to be awake and moving around with eyes wide open but is asleep.
Sleepwalking
types of NREM parasomnias
occur when a person is awakened from a deep sleep during the first part of the night.
Confusional arousals
What causes parasomnias?
- Personality disorders
- Stressors
- Drugs
- Fever
- Sleep deprivation
How to prevent parasomnias?
- Get a full night of sleep
- Keep a regular schedule
- Avoid alcohol and drugs
A potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.
Sleep apnea
What causes sleep apnea?
- Excess weight
- Being older
- Smoking
- Family history
- Nasal congestion
How to diagnose sleep apnea?
- Loud snoring
- Gasping for air
- Morning headache
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
How to prevent sleep apnea?
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Try yoga
- Avoid alcohol and smoking
What are the two types of sleep apnea?
Obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.
types of sleep apnea
It occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep.
Obstructive sleep apnea
types of sleep apnea
Occurs when your brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing.
Central sleep apnea
Treatment for Sleep Apnea
The device includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy.
An infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
What causes SIDS?
No determined cause, but strong evidence suggests a biological basis.
How to prevent SIDS?
- Keep fluffy blankets and stuffed animals out of their crib
- Don’t overheat the baby or their room when they sleep
- Don’t allow anyone to smoke around baby
- Breastfeed your baby
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness.
Narcolepsy
What causes narcolepsy?
Experts believe it involves multiple factors affecting REM sleep.
How to prevent narcolepsy?
- Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.
- Keep your bedroom dark and at a comfortable temperature make sure your bed and pillows are comfortable.
- Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and heavy meals several hours before bedtime.
- Don’t smoke
- Do something relaxing, such as take a warm bath or read a book before going to sleep
- Get regular exercise every day, which can help you sleep at night. Be sure you plan to exercise several hours before bedtime.
- Plan naps during the day when you typically feel tired. This helps control daytime sleepiness and reduces the number of unplanned sleep attacks.
- Stimulant medicines can help you stay awake during the day.
- Antidepressant medicines can help reduce episodes of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations.
- Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) works well to control cataplexy and daytime sleepiness.
A condition where a person uses more of a substance than intended despite adverse consequences.
Substance use disorder
Drugs that suppress central nervous system activity, e.g., alcohol.
Depressants
Drugs that increase overall levels of neural activity.
Stimulants
Commonly referred to as alcohol, a type of depressant.
Ethanol
A type of amphetamine made from readily available ingredients.
Methamphetamine
Uses of these drugs seek feelings of intense pleasure, especially those who consume them via injection or smoking.
COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE, CATHINONES, MDMA
What is caffeine used for?
To maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal.
A highly addictive substance associated with various health risks.
Nicotine
Drugs like heroin and morphine that have analgesic properties.
Opioids
Substances that cause profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
Hallucinogens
Legal in some states for recreational use despite being illegal in most.
Medical marijuana
A state of extreme self-focus with minimal attention to external stimuli.
Hypnosis
The act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.
Meditation
