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PSYCH101 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY > UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR > Flashcards

UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR Flashcards

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1
Q

Are the central building blocks of the nervous system, 100 billion strong at birth.

A

Neurons or Nerve Cells

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2
Q

Is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

A

Neurons or Nerve Cells

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3
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS

Carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

A

Sensory Neurons

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4
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS

Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

A

Motor Neurons

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5
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS

The brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

STRUCTURE

  • A neuron’s outer surface is made up of a ____.
  • This structure allows smaller molecules and molecultes withouth electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules
A

Semipermeable membrane

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7
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Contains the nucleus of the neuron

A

Soma/Cell Body

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8
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Cluster of fibers that extends from the soma

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Serves as an input sites where signals are received from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

A thin fiber that connects neurons

A

Axon

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11
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

This is where signal are transmitted electrically from soma to other neurons

A

Axon

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12
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

It ends in multiple terminal buttons

A

Axon

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13
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Range in length from a fraction of an inch to several feet

A

Axon

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14
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

A productive coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.

A

Myelin Sheath

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15
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Acts as an insulator, increasing the speed at which the signal travels.

A

Myelin Sheath

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16
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

Crucial for the normal operation of the neurons.

A

Myelin Sheath

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17
Q

PARTS OF A NEURON

  • Contains synaptic vesicles (houses neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system).
  • Found at the end of the axon
A

Axon Terminal

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18
Q

Defined as a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of generating this neural impulse; the property is called the excitability.

A

Action Potential

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19
Q

Information moves along a neuron in the form of neural impulse called an?

A

Action Potential

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20
Q

An electrochemical impulse that travels from the cell body down to the end of the axon.

A

Action Potential

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21
Q
  • Happens when there are differences in the concentrations of the ions, inside and outside of the cell.
  • -70 mV is present when neurons are at rest.
A

Resting Potential

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22
Q

These are in-charge of letting in and out of ions.

A

Ion Channels

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23
Q

Some channels only open at a certain voltage, there are referred to as?

A

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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24
Q

What causes the Action Potential?

A
  1. Caused by a stimulus with certain value expressed in millivolts (mV).
  2. A stimulus must have a sufficient electrical value.
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25
Q

TYPES OF THRESHOLDS OF STIMULI

Cannot cause an action potential.

A

Subthreshold Stimuli

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26
Q

TYPES OF THRESHOLDS OF STIMULI

  • Enough to produce an action potential. (Nerve Impulse)
  • Usually around -50 mV to -55 mV.
A

Threshold Stimuli

27
Q

TYPES OF THRESHOLDS OF STIMULI

Also produces an AP, but have higher strength than Threshold Stimuli.

A

Suprathreshold Stimuli

28
Q

PHASES OF A ACTION POTENTIAL

Is the initial increase of the membrane potential to the value of the threshold potential

A

Hypolarization

29
Q

PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL

The threshold potential opens voltage-gated sodium channels and causes a large influx of sodium ions.

A

Depolarization

30
Q

PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL

During this phase, the inside of the cell becomes more electropositive, until the potential gets closer the electrochemical equilibrium for sodium of 61+ mV.

A

Overshoot

31
Q

PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL

  • The sodium permeability suddenly decreases due to the closing of its channels.
  • The overshoot value of the cell potential opens voltage-gated potassium channels, which causes a large potassium efflux, thus decreasing the cell’s eletropositivity.
A

Repolarization

32
Q

PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL

  • A state in which the membrane potential is more negative than the default membrane potential.
  • After that the membrane establishes again the values of membrane potential
A

Hyperpolarization

33
Q
  • Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Includes the brain (the part of the nervous system that resides in the skull) and the spinal cord.
A

Nervous System

34
Q

Lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

35
Q

Peripheral Nervous System is Composed of ____ nerve pairs: nerves ____ emerging from the brain, and ____ nerves emerging from the spinal cord.

A

43
31
12

36
Q

Peripheral Nervous System has two types of neuron, namely ____ and ____

A

Sensory neurons (afferents)
Motor neurons (efferent).

37
Q

Body’s processing centre.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

38
Q

Made up of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

39
Q

Controls most of the functions of the body, including: awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses — seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

40
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS

Detect sensations (e.g. heat, pain)

A

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

41
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS

Transmits messages towards the central nervous system

A

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

42
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS

Transmits messages away the central nervous system to the effector

A

Motor/Efferent Neurons

43
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS

Examples of effectors are muscles, skin, sense organs, etc.

A

Motor/Efferent Neurons

44
Q

TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS

Divided into Somatic and Autonomic

A

Motor/Efferent Neurons

45
Q

TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS

Handles the voluntary movements of the body

A

Somatic

46
Q

TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS

Innervates the outer sections of the body (e.g. skin and skeletal muscles).

A

Somatic

47
Q

TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS

Handles the involuntary movements of the body

A

Autonomic

48
Q

TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS

Innervates the internal organs (responsible for the heart beating, breathing, and etc.)

A

Autonomic

49
Q

Complements the nervous system by regulating the body’s internal environment through hormones, which are chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream. Each hormone affects specific target cell equipped with receptors for that hormone.

A

Endocrine System

50
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Serves as the control center, regulating the pituitary gland and, through it other endocrines.

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Located in the lower middle part of the brain

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Lies below the hypothalamus

A

Pituatary Gland

53
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Known as the “Master Gland” because it produces the most different hormones and controls the secretion activity of other endocrine glands.

A

Pituatary Gland

54
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Secretes hormones that control growth, metabolism, and other glands.

A

Pituatary Gland

55
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Produces melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body’s sleeo-wake cycle

A

Pineal Gland

56
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Regulates the level of sugar in the bloodstream by secreting insulin

A

Pancreas

57
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Located in the neck

A

Thyroid

58
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Regulates metabolism through the secretion of hormones

A

Thyroid

59
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Secrete hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to help the body manage stress and emergencies.

A

Adrenal Glands

60
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The outside part; Adrenal Cortex secretes hormones that regulate sugar and salt that keeps the body balanced and help resist stress. Also responsible for growth of pubic hair.

A

Adrenal Glands

61
Q

PARTS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

The inside part; ____, secretes two hormones that arouse the body to deal with stress and emergencies: ____

A

Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline).

62
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

In Females, the ovaries produce hormones that regulate sexual development, ovulation, and growth of sex organs

A

Gonads

63
Q

PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

In Males, the testes produce hormones that regulate sexual development, production of sperm, and growth of sex organs.

A

Gonads

PSYCH101 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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