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PSYCH101 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY > UNIT 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH > Flashcards

UNIT 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Flashcards

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1
Q

Is a process used by researchers to examine whether a relationship between two or more variables exists. Psychologists regularly utilize the scientific method to find explanations for human behaviors.

A

The Scientific Method

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2
Q

Complete Six Steps of Scientific Methods

A
  1. Observation
    2. Question
    3. Hypothesis
    4. Experiment
    5. Conclusion
    6. Results
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3
Q

Four Main Steps of Scientific Methods

A
  1. Identifying questions of interest
  2. Formulating an explanation
  3. Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
  4. Communicating
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4
Q

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  • Behavior and phenomenon requiring explanation
  • Prior Research Findings
  • Curiosity, Creativity, and Insight
A

Identifying questions of interest

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5
Q

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  • Specify a theory
  • Develop a hypothesis
A

Formulating an explanation

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6
Q

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  • Select a research method
  • Collect the data
  • Analyze the Data
A

Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

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7
Q

Is defined as a system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observation

A

Theory

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8
Q

Role of Theories in Psychological Research

A
  • To Provide a framework for studies
  • To Operationalize broad explanations
  • Making sure that the body of knowledge is organized
  • Allowing researchers to explore ideas
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9
Q

Giving a clear definition and making a concept quantifiable by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it.

A

Operationalize

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10
Q

Steps in establishing Operationalization

A
  1. Identify existing concepts
  2. Develop indicators
  3. Design study
  4. Collect data
  5. Analyze data
  6. Ensure credibility
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11
Q
  • Bridge between theory and the real world
  • Is a testable prediction based on a theory or a “tentative answer”
A

Hypothesis

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12
Q

A hypothesis must be

A
  • Testable
  • Falsifiable
  • Specific
  • Contain at least two variables
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13
Q

TYPES OF VARIABLES

These are the variables that are manipulated or changed by the researcher.

A

Independent Variables

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14
Q

TYPES OF VARIABLES

These are the variables that are measured or observed to see if they change as a result of the independent variable.

A

Dependent Variables

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15
Q

TYPES OF VARIABLES

These are variables that affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A

Intervening Variables

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16
Q

TYPES OF VARIABLES

These are variables that are not of primary interest but could still influence the results of the study.

A

Extraneous Variables

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17
Q

TYPES OF VARIABLES

These are variables that are kept constant throughout the study to minimize their impact on the results.

A

Controlled Variables

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18
Q

TYPES OF VARIABLES

These are extraneous variables that can’t be controlled and that can affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A

Confounding Variables

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19
Q
  • An operational definition translates a hypothesis into specific, measurable terms.
  • A clear and concise explanation of how a variable or construct is measured or manipulated in a research study.
A

Operationalizing Hypothesis

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20
Q

Two Essential Components of Hypothesis

A

Null Hypothesis (H0)
Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)

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21
Q

COMPONENTS OF HYPOTHESIS

It is the statement or claim being made (which we are trying to disprove).

A

Null Hypothesis (H0)

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22
Q

COMPONENTS OF HYPOTHESIS

It is the hypothesis that we are trying to prove and which is accepted if we have sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

A

Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)

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23
Q

Importance of Hypothesis

A
  • Guiding the Research
  • Testing Theories
  • Making Sense of Data
  • Encouraging Future Research
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24
Q
  • Developed by Bibb Latané and John Darley
  • It is the respond to the failure of bystanders to intervene when Kitty Genovese was murdered in New York, USA.
  • According to this theory, greater the number of bystanders in an emergency situation, the smaller the share of the responsibility each person feels and the less likely that any single person will come forward to help.
A

Theory of Diffusion of Responsiblity

25
Q

Is collecting data, analyzing it, drawing conclusions about human behavior and thinking patterns.

A

Research

26
Q

TYPES OF RESEARCH

Aims to gather in-depth understanding of understanding of human behavior through experiences, perceptions, and qualitative qualities.

A

Qualitative Research

27
Q

TYPES OF RESEARCH

Gathers data that focuses on numeric and unchanging data with an objective stance.

A

Quantitative Research

28
Q
  • Is a type of scientific research that uses experiments to prove hypothesis, it is a way for psychologist to prove cause-and-effect relationships.
  • The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects
A

Experimental Research

29
Q

Any physical energy that a specimen senses.

A

Stimulus

30
Q

The act of causing an effect.

A

Causation

31
Q

The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation(most likely the independent variable)

A

Experimental Manipulation

32
Q

The manipulation implemented by the experiment

A

Treatments

33
Q

EXPERIMENT GROUPS

This group gets the special treatment or the thing being tested.

A

Treatment Group

34
Q

EXPERIMENT GROUPS

This is the group in an experiment that doesn’t get the treatment or change. They’re kept “normal” to see what happens without any new changes. It’s like a baseline to compare against

A

Control Group

35
Q

Is defined as a procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or conditions on a basis of chance and chance alone.

A

Random Assignment to Condition

36
Q

TWO TYPES OF STUDY

The participants are unaware of whether they are receiving the treatment or a placebo (control). This helps to prevent the placebo effect.

A

Blind Study

37
Q

TYPES OF STUDY

Both the participants and the researchers conducting the experiment are unaware of which group is receiving the treatment and which is receiving the placebo. This reduces both participant and researcher bias, preventing conscious or unconscious influence on the results.

A

Double-Blind Study

38
Q

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

Factors that distort the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

A

Experimental Bias

39
Q

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

Unintentional cues from experimenters that influence participant behavior (Rosenthal, R., 2002. 2003).

A

Experimenter Expectations

40
Q

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

Participants form hypotheses about the experiment and act on them, potentially skewing results(Rutherford et al., 2009).

A

Participant Expectations

41
Q

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

To prevent bias, experimenters may hide the true purpose of the study from participants.

A

Disguising True Purpose

42
Q

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

Control groups receive a placebo to ensure any differences in outcomes are due to the treatment, not psychological effects (Rajagopal, 2006; Crum & Langer, 2007; Justman, 2011).

A

Placebo Effect

43
Q

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

Both participants and experimenters are unaware of who receives the real treatment or placebo to prevent bias.

A

Double-Blind Procedure

44
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

  • Is a detailed report about one specific person, group, or situation. This approach is often used when studying individuals who are interesting to researchers because they have a rare characteristic.
  • Is often used when studying individuals to researchers because they have a rare characteristics
A

Clinical or Case Studies

45
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Refers to the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society.

A

Generalizing

46
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context.

A

Naturalistic Observation

47
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally.

A

Surveys

48
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

A sample is a subset of individuals selected from a population, and a population is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in.

A

Sample and Population

49
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

  • Relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.
  • Which is why research should have Replication which is the repetition of research, sometimes using other procedures to increase confidence in prior findings
A

Archival Research

50
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.

A

Longitudinal research

51
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Is when a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time.

A

Cross-sectional research

52
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Is a type of study where researchers look at the relationship between two or more variables to see if they are connected. Importantly, this type of research does not show cause and effect it only shows if there’s a pattern or link between the variables.

A

Correlational Research

53
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

A numeric number from -1 to +1 to indicate the strength of relationship.

A

Correlation Coefficient

54
Q

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Positive correlation is when both variables move at same direction, Negative correlation is when both variables move in opposite directions

A

Positive and Negative Correlation

55
Q

In order to prevent abuse, deception, and the overall safety of the participants the APA made the following guidelines:

A
  • Protection of participants from physical and mental harm.
  • The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior.
  • The assurance that participation in research is completely voluntary.
  • The necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures before their participation in the experiment.
  • All experiments must be reviewed by an independent panel before being conducted.
56
Q

A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and that they are aware of what their participation will involve

A

Informed Consent

57
Q

An explanation of the study and procedures that were involved shall be given to the participants

A

Debriefing

58
Q
  • Is a Philippine law designed to protect personal information.
  • It requires informed consent from individuals for the collection and processing of their data and grants them rights to access, correct, and erase their information.
A

The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173)

PSYCH101 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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