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PSYCH101 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY > UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

DEFINITION

Psychology derived from the Greek words “Psyche” and “Logos” What does Psyche and Logos means

A

Psyche; Mind, Spirit or Soul
Logosl; Science, Study or Discipline

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2
Q

DEFINITION

Pscyhology is the____ study of the ____ of individuals and their _______ _______

A

Pscyhology is the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes

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3
Q

DEFINITION

Consists of a set of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems

A

Scientific Method

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4
Q

DEFINITION

The means and actions by which organisms, including both animals and humans, adjust to their environment.

A

Behavior

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5
Q

DEFINITION

  • The private, internal workings of the human mind.
  • These are internal subjective experiences inferred from behavior – the sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.
  • Activity of organism that involves the mind like, cognition, memory, learning, problem solving etc.
A

Mental Processes

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6
Q

DEFINITION

The word “Psychology” was coined by a German scientist, ____ in 1590.

A

The word “Psychology” was coined by a German scientist, Rudolph Gockel or Rudolf Goclenius in 1590.

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7
Q

DEFINITION

Investigation of animal as well as human behavior on the assumption that:

A
  1. Information obtained from experiments with subhuman species could be generalized to human beings.
  2. Animal behavior was of interest in its own right.
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8
Q

DEFINITION

He defined Psychology as the study of human beings– how they behave, how they feel, how they think, how they adjust or how they get along with one another and how they become the individuals that they are.

A

Silvermann

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9
Q

As science, it dates back from about 1875, and Psychology as a science birth was set in 1879, through ____

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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10
Q

This period is where the earliest foundations of Psychology were laid down.

A

Greek Period

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11
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Regarded as the Father of Psychology

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

According to him, Knowledge is not inborn: instead it is acquired through experiences.

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

He postulates that the mind at birth was a blank sheet (tabula rasa).

A

Aristotle

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14
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Distinguished 3 functions of the soul:
Vegetative (basic maintenance of life)
Appetitive (motives and desires)
Rational (governing functions)

A

Aristotle

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15
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Conceived the idea of the existence of the soul in the body, which is God-given.

A

Plato

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16
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Divided the human mind into three parts:
Rational (Reason and Intellect)
Will/Spirited
Appetitive

  • Ideally, the will supports the rational element, which in turn controls the appetites.
  • If the rational element is not developed, the individual behaves immorally (Immorality is the consequence of Ignorance).
A

Plato

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17
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Greek Physician (Father of Medicine)

A

Hippocrates

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18
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Held the belief that illness had a physical and rational explanation. He rejected the view that illnesses are caused by superstitions.

A

Hippocrates

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19
Q

This is the period where the science of the mind and religion is used to explain the fate of man

A

Medieval Period

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20
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

According to him, knowledge is acquired on account of divine illumination.

A

St. Augustine

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21
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

His insightful descriptions of subjective events begin the tradition of: Introspection (process of mental self-analysis) and Phenomenology (study of subjective experience) in psychology.

A

St. Augustine

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22
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Believed that the human person is a soul-body unity.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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23
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

He combined the science of mind and religion to explain the idea of immortality.

A

St. Thomas Aquinas

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24
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Founder of modern philosophy.

A

Rene Descartes

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25
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Formulated the theory of mind/body interaction.

A

Rene Descartes

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26
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in response to external events, this is called Reflex Theory.

A

Rene Descartes

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27
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Introduced the idea that all experiences can be analyze.

A

John Locke

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28
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

He conceived the idea of tabula-rasa, of which at birth the mind is like a blank sheet that gathers its contents from experiences throughout their lifetime.

A

John Locke

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29
Q

Beginning of experimental/scientific psychology

A

Beginning of Scientific Psychology (2nd Half of 19th Century)

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30
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

He was considered as the Father of Experimental Psychology.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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31
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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32
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

  • Founded the discipline of Psychophysics, which is concerned with the measurement of psychological effects of sensation.
A

Gustav Fechner and Ernst Weber

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33
Q

Flourished of psychology in different parts of the world.

A

Psychology in Different Parts of the World (20th Century)

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34
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Considered as the Dean of American Psychologists

A

William James

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35
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

One of the founders of Functionalism

A

William James

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36
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

He stressed the importance of observing and quantifying behavior.

A

William James

37
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Advocated the use of animals in psychological research

A

William James

38
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Pioneered in child study movement.

A

Stanley Hall

39
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

First person in the USA to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

A

Stanley Hall

40
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

First president of the APA (American Psychological Association)

A

Stanley Hall

41
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Coined the term “adolescence”.

A

Stanley Hall

42
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Developed the theory of “Recapitulation”: States that as people develop, they repeat behaviors of their evolutionary ancestors

A

Stanley Hall

43
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Father of Child Study Movement

A

Stanley Hall

44
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Developed intelligence tests for use in America

A

James McKeen Cattell

45
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Father of Modern Psychiatry

A

Philippe Pinel

46
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Provided psychological interpretation of insanity

A

Philippe Pinel

47
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

A

Philippe Pinel

48
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

  • Was the forerunner of the modern practice of hypnotism.
  • Developed hypnotism for cure of behavior disorder
A

Franz Anton Mesmer

49
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Developed intelligence test to identify between mentally retarded children from normal ones.

A

Alfred Binet

50
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

He is the Father of Intelligence Testing

A

Alfred Binet

51
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Founded Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

52
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Concluded that mental disorder might be caused purely by psychological factor rather than organic factors.

A

Sigmund Freud

53
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Proposed that dreams are the disguised expressions of unconscious wished.

A

Sigmund Freud

54
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

Emphasized libidinal (sex) urges of a person

A

Sigmund Freud

55
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

One of the best contemporary contributors to dream analysis and symbolization.

A

Carl Jung

56
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Develops his theory “The Origin of Neurosis”

A

Carl Jung

57
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Established Analytic Psychology

A

Carl Jung

58
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her career.

A

Karen Horney

59
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Neo-Freudian psychologist known for her theory of neurotic needs, her research on feminine psychology, and her critiques of Freud’s emphasis on the concept of penis envy.

A

Karen Horney

60
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Proposed the concept of womb envy in which men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children

A

Karen Horney

61
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST

Founder of Feminist Psychology

A

Karen Horney

62
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

  • Made the theory of evolution which established the continuity between man and animals.
  • Made Comparative Psychology Important
A

Charles Darwin

63
Q

PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST

  • Devised the earliest test to determine hereditary influences to intelligence.
  • Devised a statistical technique (Correlation) to compare intelligence of parents to their offspring.
A

Sir Francis Galton

64
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • Was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who used controlled methods such as introspection, to break down consciousness to its basic element without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole.
  • Is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences
  • In this technique, subjects were trained to observe and report as accurately as they could their mental processes, feelings and experiences.
A

Structuralism

65
Q

The examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.

A

Introspection

66
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Findings/Results of their Study were:
1. Mental States are responsible for man’s behavior
2. Psychology is described as man and his experiences
3. There are 8 kinds of sensation: Visual; Auditory; Gustatory; Olfactory; Cutaneous (external sensation); Organic; Vestibular; Kinesthetic (internal sensation)
4. Complex experiences are made of elements such as images.

A

Structuralism

67
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • A general psychological approach that views mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities.
  • Formed as a reaction to structuralism and was introduced by William James and was influenced by the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin..
  • It sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner.
  • Focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior, instead on the elements of consciousness.
A

Functionalism

68
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Emphasizes the:

  • Causes and consequences of human behavior
  • The union of the physiological with the psychological
  • The need for objective testing of theories
  • Applications of psychological knowledge to the solution of practical problems, the evolutionary continuity between animals and humans, and the improvement of human life.
A

Functionalism

69
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Findings/Results of their Study were:
1. Learning is a means of man’s adjustment to his surroundings.
2. Mental States influences man’s behavior
3. Stimulus - response (SR) explains man’s behavior.

A

Functionalism

70
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • Was introduced in 1913 by John B. Watson, an American psychologist.
  • Believed that observable behavior, not inner experience, was the only reliable source of information.
  • Studies only the objective, observable facts rather that subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives and consciousness.
  • Reaction against the structuralists’ emphasis on introspection
  • Stressed the importance of the environment in shaping an individual’s behavior.
  • Connections between observable behavior and external stimuli
A

Behaviorism

71
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Finding/Results of their Study were:
1. Behavior is explained in terms of reflex and conditioned reflex
2. Man’s conduct is not due to consciousness but to stimulus.
3. Objective method not introspection should be used in overt behavior.

A

Behaviorism

72
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • Founded in 1912 by Max Wertheimer a German Psychologist.
  • Developed as a reaction against structuralism.
  • Believes that human beings perceives the external world as an organized pattern, not as an individual sensations.
  • Human behavior should be studied as an organized pattern rather than as a separate incidents of stimulus and response.
A

Gestalt Psychology

73
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Findings/Results of their study were:
1. “The whole experience is more than the sum of its parts.”
2. A change in any element changes the whole.
3. The mind functions as a whole unit.

A

Gestalt Psychology

74
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • Founded by the Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud in 1896 or the start of the 20th Century.
  • Based on the theory that behavior is determined by powerful inner forces most of which are buried in the Unconscious.
  • According to Psychologists of this field, from early childhood, people repress (force out of conscious awareness into the unconscious) any desires or needs that are unacceptable to themselves or society which can cause personality disturbances, self-destructive behavior, or even physical symptoms.
A

Psychoanalysis

75
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Findings/Results of their study were:
1. LIBIDO THEORY: Sex urges are responsible for man’s behavior.
2. Personality is a stronger force in determining human behavior (extroversion – introversion).
3. The unconscious attempt of an individual to overcome inferiority is a stronger driving force.

A

Psychoanalysis

76
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

  • Contends that mental life is hormic or goal-seeking.
  • William McDougall, maintains that the driving forces for consciousness are innate urges or tendencies, chief of which are the submissive and self-assertive tendencies.
A

Purposivism

77
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Findings/Results of their study were:
1. Striving is the cause of all behavior
2. Ductless glands produce hormones in life.
3. Objects, movements and behavior have definite purposes.

A

Purposivism

78
Q

SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Study how the human mind thinks, remembers and learns. They apply psychological science to understand how we make decisions and perceive our world.

A

Brain Science and Cognitive Psychology

79
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Psychologist uses science to improve the interaction of people with the world around us

A

Climate and Environmental Psychology

80
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Integrate the science of psychology with the treatment of complex human problems

A

Clinical Psychology

81
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan

A

Counselling Psychology

82
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Study how people grow and adapt over the course of their lives. They apply their research to help people overcome developmental challenges and reach their full potential

A

Developmental Psychology

83
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Use science to explore the processes behind human and animal behavior

A

Experimental Psychology

84
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Use psychological science to support the judicial system and other organizations dedicated to public safety

A

Forensic and Public Service Psychology

85
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Use the science of psychology to promote health, prevent illness, and improve health care

A

Health Psychology

86
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Applies psychological science of human behavior to the products, systems and devices we use every day

A

Human Factors and Engineering Psychology

87
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Uses science to study human behavior in organizations and the workplace

A

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

88
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Apply psychological science to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students

A

Psychology of Teaching and Learning

89
Q

SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Study and develop the methods and techniques used to measure human behavior and other attributes.

A

Quantitative Psychology

PSYCH101 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (4 decks)

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