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All Path Review 700 > Unit 6: Repro Paths > Flashcards

Unit 6: Repro Paths Flashcards

1
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vagina

Common

Candiasis
Trichomonos
Gardnerella bacteria

Itching, bleeding, discharge, dysuria

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2
Q

Vulvitis

A

Infection of the vulva

Often HPV (genital warts)

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3
Q

Cervicitis

A

Inflammation of the cervix

Often gonorrhea, chlamydia, HPV, or HSV2

Discharge, pain, dysuria, menstrual abnormalities

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4
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

Infection of the uterus and/or fallopian tubes
Usually ascends from lower reproductive organs (cervix, vagina

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, vaginal flora, etc

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5
Q

PID: Sx

A 
fever
dysmenorrhea
dyspareunia
abdominal pain 
irregular bleeding
(or asymptomatic)
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6
Q

PID: complications

A

Peritonitis and sepsis (which can lead to endocarditis, arthritis, and meningitis)
Ectopic pregnancy
Infertility
Chronic pelvic pain

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7
Q

Cervical Dysplasia

A

Abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the surface

May be cause by HPV
Usually asymptomatic

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8
Q

Cervical Eversion

A

A condition in which a portion of the endocervical epithelium protrudes through the external os into the vagina.

Metaplasia: becomes stratified squamous epithleium

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9
Q

Cervical Eversion: Sx

A

May have the same appearance as early cervical cancer, even though it is not an abnormality

May be associated with non-purulent discharge, and/or post-coital bleeding

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10
Q

Cervical Polyps

A

Common, benign growths of the cervix or endocervix

2-5% of women.
Usually results from chronic inflammation

Dx with speculum. Small.
May bleed between menses, or post-coital

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11
Q

Endometrial Hyperplasia

A

Growth of endometrium due to excess estrogen (relative to progesterone levels)

Causes abnormal and heavy menstrual bleeding

Can be treated with oral contraceptives

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12
Q

Cervical Carcinoma: Risk Factors

A

HPV
Smoking
Oral contraceptives
Immunosupppression

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13
Q

Cervical Carcinoma: Sx

A

No early symptoms

Later: bleeding, spotting, discharge, pain

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14
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial cells found outside uterus
Ovary, pelvic peritoneum most commonly

Very common

Growths can’t be shed during menses, so are encapsulated
Also manufacture high levels estrogen

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15
Q

Endometriosis: Sx

A

Infertility
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia

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16
Q

Endometriosis: Complications

A

Adhesions
Obstruction of uterine tubes/ectopic pregnancies
Anemia
Uterine hyperplasia

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17
Q

Myometrial tumours

A

Leimyoma (benign, common)

Leiomyosarcoma (malignant, rare)

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18
Q

Endometrial tumours

A

Adenocarcinoma (malignant, common)

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19
Q

Leiomyomas

A

Benign fibroid tumor in or around the uterus

Can range from microscopic to several pounds
20% of women
Stimulated by estrogen

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20
Q

Leiomyomas: Sx

A

Often asymptomatic, but if big enough can put pressure on nerves, bladder, bowels, or interfere with pregnancy.

Can cause heavy, painful periods, anemia, infertility

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21
Q

Most common invasive cancer of female genital tract

A 
Endometrial adenocarcinoma (7%)
Most commonly in 55-65 (peri/postmenopausal) age group
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22
Q

Stage IV cervical cancer usually extends (fatally) to:

A

Urinary bladder, uterus.

Death by local obstruction, not distant metastases

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23
Q

Uterine Sarcoma

A

5% of uterine cancers

Nonglandular

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24
Q

Stromal Sarcoma

A

(Uterine) sarcoma affecting connective tissue

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25
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Rare, malignant tumour of the uterine muscle cells

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26
Q

Malignant mixed mesodermal tumours

A

Uterine

Combine features of adenocarcinomas and sarcomas

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27
Q

Uterine Sarcomas: Sx

A

leukorrhea, pain, pelvic mass, pain with sex, change in bladder/bowel habits, unintended weight loss

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28
Q

Four mechanisms of uterine sarcoma metastasis

A

Direct contact
Peritoneal fluid
Lymphatics
Circulatory system

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29
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia

A

Increased proliferation of the endometrial glands (relative to the stroma)

Important cause of abnormal bleeding

Simple or complex

May be premalignant

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30
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia results from

A

Prolonged exposure to estrogen

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31
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia: S

A

menorrhagia
metrorrhagia (abnormal bleeding)
Menometrorragia (prolonged/excessive bleeding)

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32
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes

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33
Q

Follicular ovarian cyst

A

Most common type
Follicle doesn’t rupture completely, blister forms at site.

Usually resolves on its own

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34
Q

Corpus luteum ovarian cysts

A

Follicle doesn’t heal normally after ovulation
Creates pregnancy-like symptoms until resolution (2-3 months)
May cause bleeding into peritoneum

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35
Q

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

A

AKA Stein-Leventhal syndrome

Formation of multiple cysts on the ovaries
Affects 3-6% of reproductive aged women

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36
Q

PCOS: Related conditions

A 
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
Hirsuitism
Anovulation
Endometriomas
Cystadenomas
Dermoid cysts
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37
Q

PCOS: Sx

A

Often asymptomatic unless cyst ruptures

Dyspareunia
Back pain that radiates to legs

May compress other organs

Early signs may mimic advanced ovarian cancer Sx

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38
Q

Breakdown of ovarian neoplasms

A

Surface epithelium 70% (90% of malignancies)
Germ cells 20%
Sex cord stromal cells 10%

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39
Q

Ovarian neoplasms: surface epithelium

A

Most common ovarian neoplasm (70%)

Develop near sites of ovulatory rupture, so oral contraceptives reduce risk

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40
Q

Ovarian neoplasms: germ cells

A 
20% of ovarian neoplasms
Affect young (
41
Q

Ovarian neoplasm

A

Second most common gynecologic cancer

Most deadly reproductive cancer

42
Q

Subtypes of surface epithelial ovarian tumours

A

Serous (25% malignant). May be associated with BRCA1 & 2
Mucinous (15% malignant)
Endometroid (100% malignant)

43
Q

Most common germ cell tumour

A

Teratoma (benign)

95% of germ cell tumours

44
Q

Ovarian neoplasms: Sx

A

Abdominal pain and distenstion
Urinary tract symptoms
Vaginal bleeding

45
Q

A uterus that has not been hormonally primed with estrogen and progesterone …

A

Cannot allow an embryo to implant

46
Q

Morning sickness

A

Increased estrogen levels
May cause dehydration, weight loss, alkalosis, hypokalemia

Can start in 6th week of pregnancy

47
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

Really effing bad morning sickness

1% of pregnancies

48
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Embryo implants in fallopian tubes, not uterus

49
Q

Ectopic pregnancy: Risk factors/pathogenesis

A

Anything that may affect the transportation of the egg, fallopian motility, or that otherwise distorts anatomy,

PID
Abortion
STI
IUD

50
Q

Miscarriage

A

Pregnancy loss before viability

Half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks have chromosomal abnormalities

51
Q

Four categories of hypertension in pregnancy

A
  1. chronic hypertension
  2. preeclampsia (hypertension + proteinuria + systemic edema)
  3. eclampsia (preeclampsia + convulsions)
  4. gestational hypertension (HBP after 20 weeks, returns to normal, no signs of preeclampsia)
52
Q

Hypertension in Pregnancy: Complications

A

HELLP

Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelets

53
Q

Toxemia

A

Another name for preeclampsia

54
Q

Placenta previa

A

Implantation of the placenta over of near the cervix
1/200 deliveries

Requires c-section

55
Q

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

A

Placental abnormality leading to either hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma

56
Q

Hydatidiform Mole

A

Trophoblastic condition
Results from doubling up of paternal chromosome, loss of maternal

Sx of pregnancy, but no viable/identifiable fetus

May lead to malignancy

57
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Trophoblastic condition
Malignancy of placental cells (50% from complete molar pregnancy)

Good prognosis if it hasn’t spread to brain.

58
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Glucose intolerance developed during pregnancy, often third trimester

59
Q

Breast Lumps: Pie Chart

A 
40% fibrocystic changes
30% no disease
13% miscellaneous benign
10% cancer
7% fibroadenoma
60
Q

Fibroadenoma

A 
7% of breast lumps
Benign
Well-encapsulated, hormone-sensitive, freely movable
Firm on palpation
Easily removed
61
Q

Breast Cancer

A

2nd most frequently diagnosed cancer in women
1:8 lifetime risk
Most Dx in women 50 and older

62
Q

Types of breast cancer

A 
Ductal carcinoma (70-80%)
Lobular carcinoma (5-10%)
Also:
Inflammatory breast cancer
Paget disease of the breast
Medullary breast cancer
63
Q

Breast Cancers: Risk factors

A 
Age (50+)
Estrogen exposure (early menarche, late menopause, few/no pregnancies)
1+ drink/day
History of chest radiation
BRCA 1/2 (5-10% Dx)
64
Q

Breast Cancer: Metastases

A

Usually primary/in situ, then spread to:

Lymphatics
Bones
Liver
Lung
Brain
65
Q

Genital herpes

A

Caused by HSV-2

Asymptomatic periods with recurring episodes of small, painful, fluid-filled ulcers.

Flare ups can be stimulated by stress or depressed immunity.

66
Q

Genital Warts

A

AKA verrucae

Common benign viral infections of the genitals

Caused by HPV

Treated with laser, cryotherapy or surgery

67
Q

Syphilis

A

Easily treated with antibiotics

If untreated can affect any system

68
Q

Syphyllis: Primary Stage

A

Chancre

Inguinal lymphadenopathy

69
Q

Syphyllis: Secondary stage

A

2 months to 2 years after infection.

Systemic spread
Macular rash, hepatitis, inflammation of other organs

70
Q

Syphyllis: Tertiary

A

Can occur 10-20 years after infection

CNS, cardiovascular lesions
Other systematic lesions

71
Q

Gummatous Syphyllis

A

Tertiary

Rubbery granulomatous lesions form in liver, bones, testes, etc.

May break down, ulcerate, fibrose

72
Q

Cardiovascular Syphyllis

A

Tertiary

Chronic inflammatory destruction of Vado vasorum –>Aneurysm formation in ascending aorta –> aortic valve insufficiency

73
Q

Neurosyphyllis

A

Disruption of dorsal roots –> impaired sensation, proprioception. (Tabes dorsalis)

Cortical damage –> “general paresis of the insane”

74
Q

General paresis of the insane

A

AKA paralytic dementia, is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic meningoencephalitis that leads to cerebral atrophy in late-stage syphilis

75
Q

Tabes dorsalis

A

Tabes dorsalis, also known as syphilitic myelopathy, is a slow degeneration (specifically, demyelination) of the nerves primarily in the dorsal columns (posterior columns) of the spinal cord (the portion closest to the back of the body). These nerves normally help maintain a person’s sense of position (proprioception), vibration, and discriminative touch.

76
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacterial (Chlamydia trachomatis)

Urethral pain without discharge

Men: mostly asymptomatic

77
Q

Most common cause of bacterial urethritis in men

A

Chlamydia

78
Q

Candiasis

A

Yeast infection

Itching, discharge

79
Q

Bacterial vaginosis

A

Bacterial infection of vagina

Caused by imbalance of bacterial flora

Abnormal discharge, unpleasant odour

Often confused with candiasis

80
Q

Vulvodynia

A

Chronic pain syndrome

Cause often unidentified

81
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of testes

Can be isolated, or comorbid with epididymitis

Often follows chlamydia or mumps infection, or complication of medical procedure

82
Q

Orchitis: Sx

A

Swollen and painful testis

Fever, malaise

83
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis

84
Q

Epididymitis is usually a complication of

A

urethritis or prostatitis
medical procedures
TB

(or in younger men, STIs)

85
Q

Epididymitis: complications

A

testicular infarction, pyocele, loss of fertility,

86
Q

Testicular torsion

A

abnormal twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off blood supply to the testis

Usually results from abnormal development of the spermatic cord or the membrane covering the testis

Most often in young men (puberty - 25)

Pain, swelling, nausea
Medical emergency

87
Q

Hypogonadism

A

Diminished functional activity of the gonads

Deficiency of sex hormones –> defective primary and/or secondary sexual development

88
Q

Two types of testicular cancer

A 
Germ cell (95%) -- seminomas and nonseminomas
Non-germ cell (5%) -- stromal (usually benign) or sex cord

(Rarely secondary)

89
Q

Seminoma

A

Malignant germ cell tumour of the testicle.

Easily treatable.

90
Q

Nonseminoma

A

Germ cell tumour of the testicle.

Include teratomas, embryonal carcinomas (most common), endodermal sinus tumors (yolk sac tumors), and choriocarcinomas

91
Q

Testicular cancer

A

Most common solid organ tumour in young men

Affects Westerners, caucasians more

92
Q

Teratoma

A

Differentiated, benign nonseminoma. Can contain teratocarcinoma cells

93
Q

Teratocarcinoma

A

Malignant nonseminomatous germ cell tumour

94
Q

Which tumour type can result in a positive pregnancy test for men?

A

Choriocarcinomas and yolk sac tumours
Produce hCG
Usually found in teratocarcinomas

95
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

Enlarged prostate gland
50% of men over 50; 70% over 70 etc

90% don’t need treatment

96
Q

BPH: Sx

A

Difficult urination
Weak flow, incomplete emptying, leaking
UTI
Acute urinary retention

97
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

Most common cancer of internal organs in males
Second most common cause of cancer related deaths

Hormone sensitive; diet involved

98
Q

Prostate tumours tend to metastasize to

A

Local lymph nodes, vertebrae, other bones

99
Q

Prostate Cancer: Sx

A 
Enlarged, hard prostate
Obstruction of urethra
Pain with urination, ejaculation
Blood in urine
Can't maintain erection
LBP which refers to legs

Looks like BPH

All Path Review 700 (7 decks)

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