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All Path Review 700 > Unit 5: Respiratory > Flashcards

Unit 5: Respiratory Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse (or incomplete expansion) of alveoli

ie collapsed lung

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2
Q

Atelectasis: Causes

A

Deficient surfactant
Lung compression
Resorption of air distal to obstruction

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3
Q

Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

A

Multiple adenomatous cysts in terminal bronchioles

Congenital, rare

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4
Q

Tracheal Diverticulum

A

Sac or pouch in tracheal wall

Congenital or acquired (chronic coughing)

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5
Q

Pulmonary Lobar Sequestrations

A

Congenital lung disorder characterized by cystic or solid masses in the thorax

Presents as lung infections
Men more than women

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6
Q

Intralobar Sequestrations

A

AKA intrapulmonary
Mass of lung tissue within the visceral pleura
Isolated from tracheobronchial tree; supplied by systemic artery

Originally thought to be congenital; now maybe acquired

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7
Q

Extralobar Sequestrations

A

AKA extrapulmonary
Mass of lung tissue not connected to bronchial tree; located outside the visceral pleura.
Supplied by abnormal artery

Congenital

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8
Q

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndromes

A

AKA hyaline membrane disease

Deficiency in surfactant

Usually in preemies

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9
Q

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

AARDs

Changes in the lungs that lead to respiratory failure

Caused by injury to endothelial cells or alveolar lining cells

May cause cardiac failure. High (2/3) mortatlily

Causes: shock, trauma, burns, acute cardiac failure, pneumonia, toxic lung injury, aspiration

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10
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchia and trachea (upper respiratory)

Short duration, self-limiting

Chemical irritation, viral or bacterial infection

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11
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

A

Bronchitis, colds, sinusitis, tonsilitis, otitis media

Mostly viral, mostly self-limiting
Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, sore throat

Good prognosis

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12
Q

Colds

A

Acute, afebrile, self limiting, viral URI

Rhinovirus (50%), coronavirus, adenovirus etc

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13
Q

Sinusitus

A

Inflammation of paranasal sinuses

Acute, subacute, recurrent, chronic

Viral, bacterial, fungal, alergies

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14
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Viral Inflammation of the tonsils (lymphoid tissue)

Sore throat, painful swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, fever, white patches on tonsils

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15
Q

Otitis Media

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

Fluid build up, bacterial movement from sinuses along eustachian tubes (which in more horizontal in children)

Bacterial, viral, RSV, influenza

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16
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of the pharynx (lymphoid tissue)

Viral or bacterial

Sore throat, painful swallowing, muscle ache, fever

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17
Q

Croup

A

A form of laryngitis
Infection/inflammation of the false vocal cords

Bacterial, viral. Usually parainfluenza

Barking cough, stridor (wheeze with inspiration), drooling, severe throat pain

Usually resolves on its own, but can result in fatal upper airway obstruction

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18
Q

Epiglottitis

A

A form of laryngitis
Inflammation/infection of the epiglottis

Most commonly caused by H. influenza
Rare

Respiratory tract obstruction. May require intubation
Muffled voice, sore throat, drooling, stridor, cervical lymphadenopathy

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19
Q

Streptococcus Pneumonia

A

Lower respiratory tract infection

Most common cause of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, otis media, etc.

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20
Q

SARS

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Viral
Highly contagious, potentially fatal

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21
Q

Respiratory Failure

A

Lung disease caused by failure of either gas exchange mechanism and/or ventilatory pump of the lungs

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22
Q

Type 1 Respiratory Failure

A

Low O2 and low-to-normal CO2 (decreased O2 intake, but gas exchange still possible)

Caused by damage to lung tissue (pulmonary edema, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress)

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23
Q

Type 2 Respiratory Failure

A

Low O2 and High CO2 (O2 intake and gas exchange both affected)

Diminished alveolar function: COPD, chest wall deformity, respiratory muscle weakness

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24
Q

V/Q Ratio

A

Ventilation Perfusion Ratio

Ratio of alveolar ventilation to amount of blood coming into the alveoli (ie the two determinants of blood O2 and CO2 concentratioin)

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25
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity due to a defect in the visceral pleura or chest wall. May result in a collapsed lung (atelectasis) Primary or secondary (COPD, CF, emphysema, trauma)
26
Pneumothorax: Sx
``` dyspnea sharp, pleuritic chest pain hypotension weak and rapid pulse SOB ```
27
Pneumothorax: Pathogenesis
Air enters pleural cavity Separation between visceral and parietal pleura Destroys negative pressure of the pleural space Lung collapses Mediastinal shift may compress the other lung as well
28
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Generally occurs due to blebs and bullae, but also can occur due to TB, abscess, and other lung diseases. Tall skinny smoker guys?
29
Traumatic pneumothorax
Results from chest trauma
30
Open pneumothorax
"Sucking chest wound" A type of traumatic pneumothorax that occurs with the pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure. Open wound between outside world and pleural space. Loss of negative pressure.
31
Tension pneumothorax
Valve-like rupture allowing inspiration but not expiration Constantly increasing pressure may collapse lung pressure, displace other organs
32
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma Lower respiratory tract infection 50% viral; also bacterial, toxic, aspiration
33
Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia
Strep. pneumoniae | also Haemophilus influenza
34
Most common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia
Staph. aureus
35
Atypical pneumonia
"Walking pneumonia" | Less severe
36
Pneumonia: Sx
``` Chest pain Hacking productive cough Rust-coloured or green sputum Dyspnea Fatigue Fever Myalgia ```
37
Pneumonia: possible complications
Pleuritis Chronic lung disease Abscesses
38
Pleuritis
Inflammation of pleura May lead to pleural effusion, pyothorax, empyema Possible result: restrictive lung disease
39
Pyothorax
Empyema in pleural cavity
40
Empyema
Accumulation of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity.
41
Honeycomb lungs
Appearance of lungs after fibrosis, destruction of parenchyma Result of chronic lung disease
42
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Formally PCP (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) Progressive, often fatal pneumonia Affects mostly the immunocompromised Fungal
43
Legionnaire's Disease
Rare infectious pneumonia Massive consolidation and necrosis of lung tissue. 80% mortality if untreated. Legionella pneumophila
44
Pulmonary TB
Infectious, inflammatory systemic disease Mycobacterium tuberculosis From lungs may disseminate to lymph nodes and other systems
45
TB: pathogenesis
Inhale infected droplets Granulomas with caseous necrosis (Ghon complex) Latent TB Active TB
46
What type of hypersensitive reaction is TB?
Type IV | Cell-mediated delayed type
47
TB: Sx
``` 85% have respiratory Sx Cough Hemoptysis Chest pain Weight loss Anorexia Fever ``` Can also have CNS, GI, Sx
48
Potts Disease
Spinal TB Back pain, stiffness, arthritis, possible LB paralysis
49
Miliary TB
Widespread dissemination of TB throughout lungs and body
50
Lung Cancer
Malignancy of the epithelium of respiratory tract Leading cause of death worldwide 5 year survival 10-15%
51
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
AKA oat cell lung cancer 20% of all lung cancers Highly aggressive Almost always in smokers 60% widespread metastases at time of Dx
52
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
80% of all lung cancers Include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (most common), large cell carcinoma 40% metastatic at time of Dx
53
Most common sites of lung cancer metastases
Liver and brain (MC) | Also bones, kidneys, adrenals
54
Sarcoidosis
Non-caseating granulomas developing in a wide range of tissues Idiopathic Autoimmune Usually good prognosis
55
Most common location of sarcoidosis
Lungs Hilar lymph nodes Also: uvea, skin, liver Rarely: heart, nervous system
56
Sarcoidosis: Sx
5% Asymptomatic 45% systemic (fever, anorexia, joint pain) 50% pulmonary (dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis) 20-60% uveitis Painful inflamed nodules
57
Absestosis
Pulmonary fibrosis, pleural fibrosis, pleural plaqueS, caused by exposure to asbestos
58
Mesothelioma
Rare lung cancer that develops from cells of pleural lining (mesothelioma) Asbestosis Almost always fatal
59
Pleural Effusion
Increase of Transudate or exudate in the pleural space Congestive heart failure, cirrhosis with Ascites, nephrotic syndrome, or injuries that increase vascular permeability.
60
Pleurisy
Aka pleuritis Inflammation of pleura caused by infection, injury or tumor Idiopathic, or complication of lung disease (especially pneumonia), TB, influenza, SLE, RA
61
Dry Pleurisy
No change in serous fluid between visceral and parietal layers --> two layers rub together --> pain
62
Wet pleurisy
Aka pleurisy with effusion No chaffing so no pain Increased serous fluid Can become infected
63
Pneumoconioses
Lung diseases caused by inhalation of mineral dusts, fumes, or other particulates Mostly occupational Coal workers lungs Silicosis Asbestosis
64
Pneumoconioses: biochemical composition of inhaled dust
Coal dust: inert Silica: reactive; prominent injury Asbestos: insoluble; get stuck
65
Coal miners lung
Black lung Pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled coal dust, which is then ingested by macrophages. Somewhat expectorated
66
Silicosis
Pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling silica dust Dust ingested by macrophages, which release substances that stimulate formation of collagenous nodules Nodules destroy lung parenchyma and cause massive fibrosis.
67
Common complication of silicosis
TB
68
Asbestosis
Asbestosis particles are inhaled and engulfed by macrophages. Inflammation Increased risk of cancer, especially mesothelioma
69
Pulmonary embolism
Thrombi lodge in right side of heart into pulmonary vessels, where it may occlude pulmonary circulation. Most commonly originate in proximal leg. May cause cor pulmonale
70
Pulmonary embolism: Sx
Severe and sudden chest pain LOC
71
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
High blood tension in pulmonary arteries Sx: fatigue, weakness, chest pain, peripheral edema, SOB 5-10 mmHg above normal (which is 15-18 mmHg)
72
Primary PAH
Rare pulmonary arterial hypertension Neonates, women Idiopathic. Possible family history
73
Secondary PAH
Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with respiratory and/or cardiovascular disorders that increase presume of pulmonary arteries
74
Pulmonary Edema
Excess fluid (interstitial, alveoli) in lungs, which inhibits gas exchange
75
Pulmonary Edema is most commonly associated with
Left sided heart failure Acute hypertension Mitral valve disease
76
Pulmonary Edema predisposes the development of
Pneumonia
77
Pulmonary Edema: Sx
Asymptomatic intially ``` Anxiety Cold Sx Cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance Wheezing Productive cough with frothy sputum ```
78
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Spectrum of disorders that cause airway obstruction that is not fully reversible. Chronic bronchitis Bronchiectasis Emphysema
79
Chronic bronchitis
Productive cough lasting 3 months/year for two consecutive years "Blue bloaters" Inflammation and scarring --> mucous production --> HT smooth muscle --> obstruction. Also impaired cilia Increased chance of infection just compounds the problem.
80
Emphysema
Destruction of lung parenchyma and pathological accumulation of air in the lungs. "Pink puffers" Loss of elasticity in bronchioles --> trapped air
81
Blebs and bullae
Pockets of trapped air associated with emphysema
82
Severe dyspnea, hypoxemia and hypercapnia are associated with:
Emphysema
83
Bronchiolitis
Middle respiratory syndrome affecting epithelial cells of bronchi and bronchioles (not alveoli) Edema and desquamation of epithelial cells --> blockage. Wheezing fever SOB Infants and small children Usually viral
84
Bronchiectasis
Complication of CF, chronic bronchitis, or any disorder that causes narrowing of the lumen. Inability to clear mucous --> chronic infection, inflammation --> dilation, fibrosis, HT of bronchial walls
85
Bronchiectasis may lead to
Emphysema
86
Bronchiectasis: Sx
``` Persistent productive cough Abundant purulent sputum Dyspnea Fatigue Anemia Weight loss Fever Clubbing ```
87
Allergic rhinitis
Allergies Acute vasomotor response mediated by histamines released by mast cells coated with IgE Type I HS Rxn
88
Asthma
Airway hyper-responsiveness Mucous plugs, bronchial spasms, vascular congestion Reversible COPD Wheezing coughing SOB
89
Repeated asthma attacks may lead to
Barrel chest Elevated shoulders HT mm of respiration
90
Status asthmaticus
Asthma attack that doesn't respond to normal care Medical emergency
91
Influenza
Viral respiratory infection Fever, coryZa, headache, malaise
92
Influenza: complications
Pneumonia Encephalitis Myocarditis Renal disease
93
Cystic fibrosis
Recessive disorder of the exocrine glands Viscous mucous secretions, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, salty sweat ``` 80-90% pulmonary Chronic productive cough Purulent sputum Hypoxia Clubbing Frequent infection ```
94
Obstructive sleep apnea
Upper airway blocked causing temporary absence of breathing during sleep
95
Central sleep apnea
Apnea caused by decreased respiratory muscle activity
96
Mixed sleep apnea
Starts central | Then obstructive

All Path Review 700 (7 decks)

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