Unit 2 Lymphatics And Immunopath Flashcards
Anasarca
Generalized edema
Ascites
Edema within the peritoneal cavity
Aka hydroperitoneum
Exudate
Edema typical of inflammation (increased vascular permeability)
High in proteins and cells
Edema
Excess fluid in tissues or body cavities caused by mechanisms that involve blood flow, composition of plasma, the vessel wall and the adjacent tissue
Transudate
Ultrafiltrate of plasma that contains few, if any, cells and does not contain plasma proteins
Transudate can result from
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced oncotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium retention
Fluid movement across blood vessel walls is determined by
Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
At arterial end of capillary
The outward pressure exerted by fluids on the vessel walls
Greater hydrostatic pressure on venous side promotes the passage of fluid into interstitial fluids
Oncotic Pressure
The pressure due to the presence of colloids in the bloods – draws fluids toward it
Colloids
Any large molecule such as starch or protein, in fluid
Inflammatory Edema
Fluid leaking through walls made more permeable by inflammation
Hydrostatic Edema
Increased movement of fluid due to increased intravascular pressure
Oncotic Edema
Results from decreased plasma proteins (especially albumin) or decreased colloid osmotic pressure.
Obstructive Edema
Rare. Mostly results from parasites or tumour cells
Hypervolemic Edema
Retention of sodium and water due to kidney dysfunction
Lymphangitis
Acute inflammation of lymphatics of an extremity
Typically caused by pyrotechnic bacteria
Lymphedema
Lymphatic obstruction resulting in decreased drainage of interstitial fluid
Mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus
Lymph node enlargement, fever, sore throat, fatigue
Poliomyelitis
Viral
Attacks anterior horn neurons. –> paralysis
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multi system autoimmune disease
Defect in suppressor T cells –> B cells run wild –> Ab-Ag complexes deposit in tissues (Type 3 inflammation)
More common in women, young adults, blacks
Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, kidney transplant
SLE: Sx
Kidney (75%) Butterfly rash (30-60%) Anemia Arthritis Glomerulonephritis
HIV has an affinity for
T helper cells and monocytes (also macrophages, microglia)g
HIV/AIDS suppresses
Cell mediated immunity
Phases of HIV/AIDS
- Acute
- Asymptomatic
- Generalized lymphadenopathy
- AIDS
% water in body
60% total body weight (4.5% plasma, 19% extracellular, 35% intracellular)
2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular.
HIV/AIDS Dx
HIV antibodies
Decreased ratio of CD4+:CD8+
Opportunistic infections
Infection
Disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade tissue
Colonization
Harmless or useful residence by microorganisms within the body
7 sources of infection
1 virus 2 bacteria 3 Protozoa 4 fungi 5 helminthes 6 mycobacteria 7 prions
Virus
A pathogen made of nucleus acid inside a protein shell
Always pathogens
Need host cell to reproduce.
Bacteria
Unicellular organism without a true nucleus or organelles
Protozoa
Unicellular animal-like microorganism. Usually harmless
Helminthes
Worms
Mycobacteria
Bacteria with fungal properties
Prions
Small proteinaceous infectious particle
Phases of infection
Incubation
Prodromal
Acute
Vector of infection
A living creature that transmits infections. The Intermediate source (like a mosquito)
Vehicle of infection
Inanimate object that transmits the infection
Food, bedding, surgical instrument, etc
Reservoir of infection
A reservoir of an infectious agent, such as a virus, is any animal, person, plant, soil, substance—or combination of any of these — in which the infectious agent normally lives
Fomite
Science-y word for a vehicle (inanimate object the transmits infection)
A reservoir that doesn’t develop the illness themselves
Carrier
Three lines of defence
First line: mechanical barriers
Second line: inflammation (nonspecific immunity)
Third line: acquired (adaptive) immunity
Virulence
The number of organisms and the duration of exposure needed to start the infectious process in a new host.
The degree and power of pathogenicity
Mode of action
How organism produces pathologic process.
Nosocomial infection
Arising from hospital setting
Bacteria shaped like balls
Cocci
Rod shaped bacteria
Bacilli
Spiral shaped bacteria
Spirochettes
Staphylococci
Leading cause of nosocomial and community acquired infection.
Nonmotile, anaerobic, hardy
Over 30 subtypes
S aureus
Most common staph infectionp
Antibody resistance a problem (MRSA)
Osteomyelitis Respiratory tract infections Infectious arthritis Septicaemia Endocarditis TSS Food poisoning Cellulitis, mastitis
How is streptococcus categorized
According to hemolytic properties.
Group A: oxidation of hemoglobin (S pyrogenes)
Group B: total lysis (S agalactiae)
S pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes
One of the most common pathogens of any age
A-type.
Suppurative and non-suppurative
Strep pharyngitis Scarlet fever Impetigo Cellulitis Necrotizing fasciitis
S agalactiae
Streptococcus agalactiae
B-type
Leading cause of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis – infrequent in adults
S pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia, or pneumococcus
Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia, and of bacterial meningitis in adults
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Otitis media
Meningitis
Very old and very young most vulnerable
Often follows infection, cold
Meningococcal infection
Meningitis and septicaemia
Obligate anaerobes
Live and geek in absence of O2 – may find oxygen toxic
Facultative anaerobes
Can live with O2, can live without it.
Anaerobic bacterial infections
Usually necrotic, devascularized tissue
Usually suppurative –> abscesses, necrosis
Common anaerobic pathogens
Diphtheria
Plague
Botulism
Cholera
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Nonspecific skin infections
Pseudomembranous pharyngitis
Followed by myocardial and neural damage
Plague
Yersina pestis
Severe pneumonia
Massive lymphadenopathy (buboes)
Septicaemia
Highly contagious
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Food or wound borne
Interferes with release of ACh at NMJ –> paralysis
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Copious diarrhea
Dehydrator oliguria shock
Spirochette infections
Lyme disease
Syphyllis
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Skin lesion
Bulls eye rash (erythema migrans)
Neurological Sx
GI issues
Arthritis-like symptoms
Mycobacterial infections
Leprosy
TB
TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Caseous granulomas (Latent)
When activated “secondary”
Pneumonia meningitis pericarditis urogenital infections
3rd leading cause of preventable death
The herpes family of viruses includes
HSV1 HDV2 Varicella zoster virus Epstein Barr virus Cytomegalovirus
Chicken pox is caused by
Varicella zoster virus
Herpes zoster
Shingles
Epstein Barr virus
Mononucleosis
Fatigue, malaise, sore throats
Cytomegalovirus
Common.
Sx similar to mono but can cause congenital defects if mother infected (TORCH)
Enterovirus
Poliovirus
Causes polio myelitis
Highly contagious
Influenza virus
Viral respiratory infection
Fever cough headache nasal discharge malaise
Rhinovirus
Causes common cold
Upper respiratory tract infection
Acute afebrile self-limiting
Runny nose cough sore throat
Mycosis
Any disease caused by a fungus
Fungal pneumonia
Pneumocystis carinii
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Rare and very serious
Candida albicans
Yeast infection
