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All Path Review 700 > Unit 2 Lymphatics And Immunopath > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lymphatics And Immunopath Flashcards

1
Q

Anasarca

A

Generalized edema

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2
Q

Ascites

A

Edema within the peritoneal cavity

Aka hydroperitoneum

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3
Q

Exudate

A

Edema typical of inflammation (increased vascular permeability)

High in proteins and cells

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4
Q

Edema

A

Excess fluid in tissues or body cavities caused by mechanisms that involve blood flow, composition of plasma, the vessel wall and the adjacent tissue

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5
Q

Transudate

A

Ultrafiltrate of plasma that contains few, if any, cells and does not contain plasma proteins

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6
Q

Transudate can result from

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced oncotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium retention

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7
Q

Fluid movement across blood vessel walls is determined by

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Oncotic pressure

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8
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

At arterial end of capillary
The outward pressure exerted by fluids on the vessel walls

Greater hydrostatic pressure on venous side promotes the passage of fluid into interstitial fluids

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9
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

The pressure due to the presence of colloids in the bloods – draws fluids toward it

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10
Q

Colloids

A

Any large molecule such as starch or protein, in fluid

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11
Q

Inflammatory Edema

A

Fluid leaking through walls made more permeable by inflammation

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12
Q

Hydrostatic Edema

A

Increased movement of fluid due to increased intravascular pressure

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13
Q

Oncotic Edema

A

Results from decreased plasma proteins (especially albumin) or decreased colloid osmotic pressure.

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14
Q

Obstructive Edema

A

Rare. Mostly results from parasites or tumour cells

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15
Q

Hypervolemic Edema

A

Retention of sodium and water due to kidney dysfunction

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16
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Acute inflammation of lymphatics of an extremity

Typically caused by pyrotechnic bacteria

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17
Q

Lymphedema

A

Lymphatic obstruction resulting in decreased drainage of interstitial fluid

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18
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr virus

Lymph node enlargement, fever, sore throat, fatigue

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19
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Viral

Attacks anterior horn neurons. –> paralysis

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20
Q

SLE

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Multi system autoimmune disease

Defect in suppressor T cells –> B cells run wild –> Ab-Ag complexes deposit in tissues (Type 3 inflammation)

More common in women, young adults, blacks

Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, kidney transplant

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21
Q

SLE: Sx

A 
Kidney (75%)
Butterfly rash (30-60%)
Anemia
Arthritis
Glomerulonephritis
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22
Q

HIV has an affinity for

A

T helper cells and monocytes (also macrophages, microglia)g

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23
Q

HIV/AIDS suppresses

A

Cell mediated immunity

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24
Q

Phases of HIV/AIDS

A
  1. Acute
  2. Asymptomatic
  3. Generalized lymphadenopathy
  4. AIDS
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25
Q

% water in body

A

60% total body weight (4.5% plasma, 19% extracellular, 35% intracellular)

2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular.

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26
Q

HIV/AIDS Dx

A

HIV antibodies
Decreased ratio of CD4+:CD8+
Opportunistic infections

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27
Q

Infection

A

Disease caused by microorganisms, especially those that release toxins or invade tissue

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28
Q

Colonization

A

Harmless or useful residence by microorganisms within the body

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29
Q

7 sources of infection

A 
1 virus
2 bacteria
3 Protozoa
4 fungi
5 helminthes
6 mycobacteria
7 prions
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30
Q

Virus

A

A pathogen made of nucleus acid inside a protein shell

Always pathogens

Need host cell to reproduce.

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31
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular organism without a true nucleus or organelles

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32
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular animal-like microorganism. Usually harmless

33
Q

Helminthes

A

Worms

34
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Bacteria with fungal properties

35
Q

Prions

A

Small proteinaceous infectious particle

36
Q

Phases of infection

A

Incubation
Prodromal
Acute

37
Q

Vector of infection

A

A living creature that transmits infections. The Intermediate source (like a mosquito)

38
Q

Vehicle of infection

A

Inanimate object that transmits the infection

Food, bedding, surgical instrument, etc

39
Q

Reservoir of infection

A

A reservoir of an infectious agent, such as a virus, is any animal, person, plant, soil, substance—or combination of any of these — in which the infectious agent normally lives

40
Q

Fomite

A

Science-y word for a vehicle (inanimate object the transmits infection)

41
Q

A reservoir that doesn’t develop the illness themselves

A

Carrier

42
Q

Three lines of defence

A

First line: mechanical barriers

Second line: inflammation (nonspecific immunity)

Third line: acquired (adaptive) immunity

43
Q

Virulence

A

The number of organisms and the duration of exposure needed to start the infectious process in a new host.

The degree and power of pathogenicity

44
Q

Mode of action

A

How organism produces pathologic process.

45
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Arising from hospital setting

46
Q

Bacteria shaped like balls

A

Cocci

47
Q

Rod shaped bacteria

A

Bacilli

48
Q

Spiral shaped bacteria

A

Spirochettes

49
Q

Staphylococci

A

Leading cause of nosocomial and community acquired infection.

Nonmotile, anaerobic, hardy
Over 30 subtypes

50
Q

S aureus

A

Most common staph infectionp

Antibody resistance a problem (MRSA)

Osteomyelitis 
Respiratory tract infections
Infectious arthritis
Septicaemia 
Endocarditis
TSS
Food poisoning 
Cellulitis, mastitis
51
Q

How is streptococcus categorized

A

According to hemolytic properties.

Group A: oxidation of hemoglobin (S pyrogenes)

Group B: total lysis (S agalactiae)

52
Q

S pyogenes

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

One of the most common pathogens of any age

A-type.

Suppurative and non-suppurative

Strep pharyngitis 
Scarlet fever
Impetigo
Cellulitis
Necrotizing fasciitis
53
Q

S agalactiae

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

B-type

Leading cause of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis – infrequent in adults

54
Q

S pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumonia, or pneumococcus

Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia, and of bacterial meningitis in adults

Pneumonia
Sepsis
Otitis media
Meningitis

Very old and very young most vulnerable
Often follows infection, cold

55
Q

Meningococcal infection

A

Meningitis and septicaemia

56
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Live and geek in absence of O2 – may find oxygen toxic

57
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can live with O2, can live without it.

58
Q

Anaerobic bacterial infections

A

Usually necrotic, devascularized tissue

Usually suppurative –> abscesses, necrosis

59
Q

Common anaerobic pathogens

A

Diphtheria
Plague
Botulism
Cholera

60
Q

Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Nonspecific skin infections
Pseudomembranous pharyngitis
Followed by myocardial and neural damage

61
Q

Plague

A

Yersina pestis

Severe pneumonia
Massive lymphadenopathy (buboes)
Septicaemia

Highly contagious

62
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

Food or wound borne

Interferes with release of ACh at NMJ –> paralysis

63
Q

Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

Copious diarrhea
Dehydrator oliguria shock

64
Q

Spirochette infections

A

Lyme disease

Syphyllis

65
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Skin lesion
Bulls eye rash (erythema migrans)

Neurological Sx
GI issues
Arthritis-like symptoms

66
Q

Mycobacterial infections

A

Leprosy

TB

67
Q

TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Caseous granulomas (Latent)

When activated “secondary”

Pneumonia meningitis pericarditis urogenital infections

3rd leading cause of preventable death

68
Q

The herpes family of viruses includes

A 
HSV1
HDV2
Varicella zoster virus
Epstein Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus
69
Q

Chicken pox is caused by

A

Varicella zoster virus

70
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Shingles

71
Q

Epstein Barr virus

A

Mononucleosis

Fatigue, malaise, sore throats

72
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Common.

Sx similar to mono but can cause congenital defects if mother infected (TORCH)

73
Q

Enterovirus

A

Poliovirus
Causes polio myelitis

Highly contagious

74
Q

Influenza virus

A

Viral respiratory infection

Fever cough headache nasal discharge malaise

75
Q

Rhinovirus

A

Causes common cold

Upper respiratory tract infection

Acute afebrile self-limiting
Runny nose cough sore throat

76
Q

Mycosis

A

Any disease caused by a fungus

77
Q

Fungal pneumonia

A

Pneumocystis carinii
Pneumocystis jirovecii

Rare and very serious

78
Q

Candida albicans

A

Yeast infection

All Path Review 700 (7 decks)

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