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All Path Review 700 > Unit 3: CNS > Flashcards

Unit 3: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

Viral (–> lymphocyte exudate into subarachnoid space) or bacterial (—> neutrophil exudate -pus- into subarachnoid space)

May lead to thrombosis, CSF blockage, increased intracranial pressure

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2
Q

Meningitis: Sx

A

Headache, neck stiffness, fever
Irritability, confusion, lethargy

Kernig’s sign (pain with hip flexion and knee extension)
Brudzinski’s sign (cervical flexion causes hip and knee flexion)

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3
Q

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults

A

streptococcus pneumonia

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4
Q

Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in neonates

A

Group B strep

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5
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain parynchyma

Localized or diffuse

Primary viral (in US most often HSV1) -- direct viral invasion of brain
Also acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (autoimmune Type 2 ) 1-3 weeks after infection -- multifocal demyelination
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6
Q

Encephalitis: Sx

A

Meningeal signs
Seizures, focal neurological defects, personality changes
Possible GI or respiratory prodrome
May result in paralysis, weakness, movement disorders

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7
Q

Brain abscess

A

Uncommon

Expanding focal infections that act as space-occupying lesions (headache, focal neurological Sx, increased intracranial pressure)

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8
Q

Glioma

A

Most common primary brain tumour
Malignant
Astrocytes (80%), oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

Astrocytomas – 80% infiltritive
The most common infiltritive astrocytoma is glioblastoma, making it the most common CNS tumour

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9
Q

Glioblastoma Multiforme

A

Grade 4 astrocytoma

Most common and most aggressive primary brain cancer

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10
Q

Meningioma

A

Mostly benign tumour of the meninges

2nd most common intracranial tumour

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11
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

ALS. Lou Gehrig’s Disease

Loss and sclerosing of motor neurons in spinal cord, midbrain, and then cerebral cortex. Especially affects lateral cerebrospinal pathway.
Characterized by motor weakness and progressive wasting

Idiopathic (occasionally familial). Rare

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12
Q

Alzheimers

A

Common
Buildup of beta-amayloid plaque, tau proteins, in brain causing inflammation and destruction, primarily in frontal and temporal lobes.

Memory loss, clinical presentation of demential

4th leading cause of death in the elderly

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13
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Multiple small infarcts over time leading to widespread neural damage

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14
Q

Abulia

A

Lack of motivation

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15
Q

Lewy Body Dementia

A

Dementia caused by Lewy’s bodies, which are pathogenic aggregates of proteins which develop inside nerve cells.

Associated with Parkinson’s Disease. Appear within a year of motor symptoms

Increased sleep, disorganized speech, hallucinations

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16
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Autoimmune demyelination, especially
Oligodendrocytes.

Atrophy of white matter

Progressive; relapse/remission patterns

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17
Q

MS: Sx

A

Often begins with sensory changes

Weakness spasticity

Pain dizziness

Brainstem Sx

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18
Q

Four patterns of MS course

A

Relapse-Remitting (most common)
Primary progressive
Secondary progressive
Progressive relapsing

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19
Q

Chorea

A

Brief, semi-directed, irregular movements

Irregular, migrating contractions

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20
Q

Atherosis

A

Involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of fingers, arms, legs, neck.

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21
Q

Choreoathetosis

A

Combination of chorea and athetosis

Seen in Huntingtons, among other paths

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22
Q

Dystonia

A

Increased muscle tone and spasm, often accompanied by writhing movements

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23
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Destruction of dopamine this neurons in substantia nigra

Common

Increased inhibition of movement, decreased facilitation of movement

24
Q

Parkinson’s: Sx

A

Extrapyramidal type symptoms

Resting tremor
Rigidity
Bradykinesia/akinesia
Mask-like expression

25
Q

Huntington’s

A

Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by chorea, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and progressive cognitive deterioration, usually beginning during middle age.

Atrophy of caudate nucleus

26
Q

Huntington’s: Sx

A

Chorea
Dysarthria
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (personality change, poor executive function, mood changes)

27
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Linked to hypertension and atherosclerotic disease

Thrombosis, embolism, hypofusion

28
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Worst headache ever
Seizures LO

Often subarachnoid bleed from ruptured aneurysm or vascular malformation

High mortality rate

29
Q

Middle cerebral artery stroke

A

Hemiplegia
Hemianaesthesia
Broca’s aphasia

30
Q

Anterior cerebral artery stroke

A

CL hemiparesis

Lower extremity sensory loss

31
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Perinatal brain damage

Usually caused by hypoxia, ischemia, or trauma to cerebral blood vessels

32
Q

Four categories of Cerebral Palsy

A

1 spastic
2 athetoid
3 ataxic
4 mixed (usually 1+2)

33
Q

Fredrick’s ataxia

A

Friedreich’s ataxia is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system, especially sensory neurons necessary for proper limb movement.

It manifests in initial symptoms of poor coordination such as gait disturbance; it can also lead to scoliosis, heart disease and diabetes, but does not affect cognitive function. The disease progresses until a wheelchair is required for mobility. Its incidence in the general population is roughly 1 in 50,000.

34
Q

Spinal muscular atrophy

A

Weakness and wasting due to progressive anterior horn degeneration.

Atrophy, hypotonia, weakness, fatigue
Often fatal restrictive lung disease.

35
Q

Paresis

A

Weakness

36
Q

Central cord syndrome

A

Damage to centre of spinal cord, periphery unaffected

Hyperextension injury to c-spine
Motor/sensory impairment to Upper
Limbs; lower limbs less affected.

37
Q

Brown-sequard syndrome

A

Damage to one side of the spinal cord

Trauma (stabbing, shooting)

IL: loss of motor function, proprioception, vibration, 2 point
Discrimination

CL: loss of pain and temperature perception

38
Q

Anterior cord syndrome

A

Direct trauma, hyperflexion

Damage to corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts

BL loss of motor function, pain and temp, crude touch

39
Q

Breathing affects if spinal lesion above

A

C5

40
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Viral
Destruction of motor cells; sensory intact

Asymptomatic
Non-paralytic
Paralytic

Usually full recovery

41
Q

Postpoliomyelitis

A

In patients who have had paralytic poliomyelitis, muscle fatigue and decreased endurance, often accompanied by weakness, fasciculations, and atrophy, may develop years or decades later, particularly in older patients and in patients who are severely affected initially. Damage usually occurs in previously affected muscle groups. However, postpoliomyelitis syndrome rarely increases disability substantially.

The cause may be related to further loss of anterior horn cells due to aging in a population of neurons already depleted by earlier poliovirus infectio

42
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion

A

CNS

Corticospinal or pyramidal tracts

Loss of voluntary movement
Hemi/para/quadriplegia
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Clonus
43
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion

A

Affects nerves between anterior spinal horn and muscle

Flacid paralysis 
Paresis
Fasciculations
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
44
Q

Neuropraxia

A

Nerve injury

Complete recovery with removal of compression

45
Q

Axonotmesis

A

Disruption of Myelin sheath bun axon intact

Wallerian degeneration

46
Q

Neuronotmesis

A

Damage to sheath and axon body

Wallerian degeneration

47
Q

Hyperkinetic disorder

A

Hyperkinetic disorder is a psychiatric syndrome emerging in early childhood that features an enduring pattern of severe, developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity across different settings (e.g., home and school) that significantly impair academic, social and work performance.

Extreme ADHD, combined type

48
Q

Hyperkinesia

A

an increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both

Basal ganglia damage

49
Q

Hypokinesia

A

Partial or complete loss of
Muscle movement

Basal ganglia damage

50
Q

Neuropathy

A

Damage, pathology involving PNS

51
Q

Neuralgia

A

Pain along nerve path

52
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of nerve

53
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Damage to nerve root

54
Q

Plexopathy

A

Damage to nerve plexus

55
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Shingles

Post herpetic neuralgia

56
Q

Ramsey Hunt Syndrome

A

Shingles of the facial nerve

Neuralgia
Possible hearing loss and facial paralysis

All Path Review 700 (7 decks)

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