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All Path Review 700 > Unit 4: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Unit 4: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid due to force imbalances.

Increased vascular permeability, change in oncotic pressure, or lymphatic obstruction

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2
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid with higher protein and cell content. Usually results from increased vascular permeability

Inflammatory

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3
Q

Transudate

A

Lower protein and cell content. Usually a result of changes in pressure.

Hypervolemic
Hydrostatic
Oncotic

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4
Q

Right ventricular congestive heart failure

A

Congestion of peripheral organs and extremities
Increased hydrostatic pressure, fluid overload

Peripheral edema (pitting, painless)
Enlarged liver
Ascites

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5
Q

Left ventricular congestive heart failure

A 
Transudation into alveoli
Pulmonary congestion and edema
Pleural effusion (dyspnea)
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6
Q

Renal edema

A

Often caused by nephrotic syndrome
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Diffuse generalized edema
Ascites
Periorbital

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7
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

Three broad categories of factors that lead to thrombosis:

  1. hypercoagulability
  2. hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence)
  3. endothelial insult, injury
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8
Q

Thrombi

A

solid mass of blood cells and fibrin attached to the vessel wall

Occur when there is an interaction of coagulation proteins, endothelial cells and platelets

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9
Q

Fate of thrombi

A
  1. lysis and repurfusion
  2. organization
  3. recanalization
  4. embolism
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10
Q

Infarct

A

Localized tissue death, often resulting from ischemia

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11
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Blood clot in a vein with inflammation

Usually extremities
Sx: red and swollen limb

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12
Q

Thrombophlebitis: risk factors

A 
immobilization
trauma
congestive heart failure
respiratory failure
obesity
pregnancy
recent childbirh
CA, cancer therapy
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13
Q

Embolism

A

Freely movable intravascular mass

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14
Q

Embolism: categories

A

Classified by origin

Arterial
Pulmonary
Thrombo
Gas
Fat
Tumor
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15
Q

Atrial Septal defects

A

Congenital
Often asymptomatic, but may lead to thrombosis/CVA

Usually failure of foramen ovale to close

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16
Q

Ventricular Septal defect

A

Congenital
Most common congenital heart defect

Defect in septum between left and right ventricle

Pulmonary hypertension
Heart murmur
Cyanosis
Right sided heart failure

17
Q

VSD pathogenesis

A

Greater left ventricle pressure causes left-to-right shunt

Now right ventricle has to work harder –> right ventricle hypertrophy –> increased blood flow to pulmonary arteries–> pulmonary hypertension
Narrowing of pulmonary artery –> increased right side pressure —> right-to-left shunt

BUT the blood going to the left ventricle is deoxygenated –> cyanosis

18
Q

Teratology of Fallot

A

Congenital heart defects

Pulmonary valvular stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Dextroposition of the aorta
Hypertrophy of right ventricle

Presents with heart murmurs and cyanosis shortly after birh

19
Q

Patent ductus arteriosis

A

Ductus arteriosis between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close after birth

20
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Congenital narrowing of the aorta

Can lead to hypertension

21
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Systemic autoimmune disease which occurs a few weeks after strep throat; antibodies damage heart tissue in 10% of cases

22
Q

Rheumatic fever: Sx

A 
Carditis
Acute migratory joint pain
Heart murmurs
Skin manifestations (erythema marginatum or subQ nodules)
Chorea
23
Q

Pancarditis

A

Inflammation of cardiac tissue; can result from rheumatic fever, TB

Includes: endo, myo, and pericarditis

24
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of peri and epicardium

Can result from rheumatic fever, TB, viral infection
Can become chronic/constrictive

Sx can include chest pain, fever, joint pain, dyspnea, dysphagia

25
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium

Can result from rheumatic fever, IV drug users, septicemia, damaged heart valves which invite bacterial infecton

May lead to destruction of heart valves

Variably (but usually poor) prognosis

26
Q

Myocarditis

A

Uncommon inflammation of muscular walls of the heart

Usually viral, parasitic. May also result from SLE, drugs, sarcoidosis

Usually results in dilated myopathy; may also cause ventricular arrhythmias

27
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

Incompetency of the mitral (bicuspid) valve
Backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

Often a sign of left heart failure

28
Q

Mitral Stenosis

A

Narrowing of mitral valve
Impeded blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

Often a sign of left heart failure

29
Q

Mitral Valve prolapse

A

Most common heart valve abnormality

Thicker, weaker mitral valve

Usually benign but can increase mortality 15-20%

Palpations, chest pain, dypnea

30
Q

Aortic regurgitation

A

incompetency of aortic valve

Backflow from aorta to left atrium

Sign of left heart failure

31
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

Narrowing of aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from left ventricle to aorta

Angina, dyspnea, heart failure, palpation a, heart murmur

32
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary and tricuspid valve pathology

A

Same as for right sided heart failure

Peripheral Edema

33
Q

Ischemic heart disease

A

Inadequate O2 supply to the myocardium

Can be asymptomatic, or cause angina, dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, congestive heart failure

34
Q

Most common cause of ischemic heart disease

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

Ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis

A

Either slow progressive narrowing of the arteries or sudden occlusion

36
Q

Stable angina pectoris

A

Ischemia heart disease
Discomfort with exertion, relieved with rest and/or nitroglycerin.

Rarely associated with infarction

37
Q

Unstable angina

A

Occurs early in morning
Unrelated to activity

Rapid narrowing coronary artery

Not associated with infarction

All Path Review 700 (7 decks)

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