Unit 6 Memory, Dissociative, Somatic And Psychotic Disorders Flashcards
What three terms are used to describe the mental processes which collectively allow you to have a memory
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Memories of facts and knowledge you gain from classes goes under which type of memory?
Semantic memory
According to the distribution of studying impact what method of studying will help students retain the most information, not only for an exam but long-term?
Studying nearly everyday for weeks leading up to an exam
Tam smelled cranberries and suddenly remembered things that happened at past thanksgiving dinners. The smell served as a ______?
Retrieval cue
If students are showed a picture of Morgan Freeman with a quote and asked to read it to themselves, some students will read the quote in Morgan Freeman voice (in their mind). Which type of memory tag is this an example of?
Auditory tag
Which brain structure helps you form new short-term memories of all types?
Hippocampus
Jans teacher asked her to say the months of the year in alphabetical order within 60 seconds. Jan couldn’t do it, she can recall the months but not in alphabetical order. Why did she fail?
She didn’t encode the months in alphabetical order
Which model relates memory to making a scrap book… Your brain collects pieces of information (memory tags) as well as schemas to recreate your memories, which explains how and why memories can distort over time?
Memory reconstruction model
Which memory-forming strategy involves repeatedly studying information with an effort to understand how it can be useful or how to apply the information?
Elaborative rehearsal
If you forget where you put your keys, the best way to remember is to retrace your steps do to the _____?
Context effect
Elizabeth Loftus gave research subjects who had recently been to Disneyland a survey to complete to asses their memory. However she put a picture of bugs bunny on the survey to see if she could trick their memories, which it did! Many people said they saw bugs bunny on their trip. This is due to _____?
The misinformation effect
Some researchers believe that many of us may not actually lose our memories but simply can’t recall them. This is called the ______?
Inhibited retrieval theory of memory loss
Who created the famous “forgetting curve” which showed that humans experience rapid memory loss shortly after encoding but also that forgetting stabilized over time?
Herman Ebbinghaus
Robert remembers what an umbrella is but doesn’t remember when he formed that memory due to?
Source confusion/missattribution
Your perspective of things going on around you is subjective. Therefore, what you are encoding may be different than someone sitting next to you experiencing the same event. True or false?
True
Monroe had an accident and suffered damage to his hippocampus… He is at risk of developing______?
Anterograde amnesia
What is a common form of memory loss?
Childhood amnesia
What is the cause of dissociative amnesia?
Traumatic event or psychological distress
Which strategies would help enhance your memories (make them last longer)?
-Distributed and repetitive reviewing
-Making a conscious decision that you want to remember it
-Choosing a healthy lifestyle such as getting proper rest on a regular basis
Which vitamin is essential for memory function?
B-12
Many people experience dissociation occasionally. True or false?
True
Which of the following is NOT usually associated with depersonalization disorder?
-Feeling detached from your body
-Intense fear response/panic
-Memory loss
-Concern that you are crazy or delusional
Memory loss not usually associated
If someone is having a dissociative fugue episode, what behavior are they displaying?
Bewildered wandering
Who first explained what a somatic reaction is and helped create the category of Somatic Disorders?
Sigmund Freud
What is the main feature of Conversion Disorder?
Loss of mobility
Describe Psuedocyesis?
Having symptoms of pregnancy even though you are not pregnant?
Which types of psychotherapy are recommended for Somatic Disorders?
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Dialectical behavioral therapy
Define memory and list the 3 mental processes that allow memory functions
Memory is the ability to
Encode, Store, and Retrieve information
Define encoding
Any learning strategy that allows you to form a memory
Define storage
Keeping the memory for some amount of time
Define retrieval
Recalling the memory when you need it
Give an example of encoding nuerodiversity
Some students need to repeatedly study the same thing over and over whereas other students only need to go over the material once
List 1 thing that can enhance your encoding abilities
Use the personal relevance strategy and relate information to your life/life experiences
List 8 active encoding strategies for students
1) sitting in front row helps stay focused
2) turning off phones prevents distraction
3) writing notes on paper more effective for most
4) formatting notes to isolate key terms
5) staying engaged with class discussion
6) asking questions to clarify
7) sharing notes or study groups
8) making flashcards
9) deciding information is important useful and want to remember
What is the Von Restorff effect?
When you make something stand out in your notes such as highlighting or circling it
Explain the distributed approach to encoding
Managing your time and studying the material repeatedly over many days (avoid cramming)
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Rote repetition without truly valuing the information (like children memorizing the pledge of allegiance without understanding the words)
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Repetition of material but deciding information is very valuable and useful to you, this focus helps you truly understand and learn in less time
Define encoding capacity
The amount of information you can actively encode before you start forgetting (before writing down to study later)
What was the encoding capacity of humans in the 1950s
7 +/- 2
Who did 1950s research on encoding capacity of humans?
George Miller
What was the encoding capacity of humans in more recent years according to multiple researchers?
4 +/- 1
What does research indicate is the cause of humans having less encoding capacity now than in the 1950s
Reliance on technology rather than their own brains
What happens to your brain if you rely on electronics devices rather than your brain?
Your brain becomes less able to encode, store and retrieve information (your memory gets worse)
Define storage capacity
The amount of information you can store in your brain (the brain is built to grow and expand; plasticity)
True or false. Humans have an unlimited storage capacity for memories?
True
Define storage duration
The length of time you can hold information in your brain (with maintenance the brain can store for unlimited time)
What usually prevents humans from keeping all of the memories they have stored?
We don’t make time to occasionally review the information
What is required to keep memories we have stored?
Maintenance, you must occasionally use/review/think about them or you will lose them
What is a retrieval cue?
Anything that triggers a memory to pop up into your consciousness
List 6 things that can help you retrieve stored memories
1) a question
2) a smell
3) a location
4) a color
5) time of year/holiday
6) a person
What are memory tags?
Aspects/features that you are unconsciously attaching to a memory when you encode it
Why is it better to have more memory tags?
The more memory tags you form along with the main memory, the easier it is to retrieve that memory. (Memory tags turn into retrieval cues and help recall your memory)
Give an example of an auditory tag
Reading questions in your professors voice during an exam or when you think of someone talking you hear their voice
Define or give an example of the encoding/retrieval specificity principle
The way you encode impacts the way you retrieve. If you only encode in one specific way that may be the only way you can retrieve that information
Ex: listing months of the year alphabetically
Define or give an example of the context effect
We often form a memory tag related to our surrounding when we form a memory so it’s easier to recall information when we return to that location/context/setting.
Ex: if you lose your keys retrace your steps and when you back into the right room you’ll remember where you put them
Define or give an example of the mood congruence effect
We often form a memory tag related to our mood when we form a memory so it’s easier to recall information when we get in the same mood.
Ex: when you are sad you tend to think of negative things and find it hard to think of positive things
Define or explain the Serial Position effect
We tend to remember the beginning and end of things; if we remember the beginning only that’s the primacy effect whereas the end only is the recency effect
Ex: remembering the begining/ending of a movie but not all the character development in the middle
Define or give an example of the state-dependant effect
We tend to encode our physical state along with the information so it’s easier to recall that information when we return to the same physical state.
Ex: if you are always hungry when you study you should take a test when you are hungry
What are explicit memories?
Conscious memories that are easy to talk about/explain/declare verbally
What is an episodic explicit memory?
Memories of our personal life events (often linked with some emotional content)
What an Autobiographical explicit memory?
Episodic memories with a running time-line of non-emotional elements (the year, location, weather etc)
What is a semantic explicit memory?
Factual or knowledge-based information (non-emotional content) stuff you learn in classes
What is a flashbulb explicit memory?
Memories with intense emotions (often trauma-induced) you can feel like you’re reliving the moment when you have the memory
What are implicit memories?
Unconscious memories (you’re not aware of and therefore can’t explain them easily)
What is a procedural implicit memory?
Muscle memories, your body’s muscles learn how to do things so that you don’t have to consciously think about walking, writing etc (anything you can do without conscious thought)
What is an echoic implicit memory?
Auditory memories; you’re unconsciously storing overlapping sounds… These usually become memory tags but they’re also available in case you need to retroactively recall a recent sound
What is an iconic implicit memory?
Visual memories you’re unconsciously storing overlapping images… These usually become memory tags but they are also available if you need to retroactively recall a recent visual
What is a sensory implicit memory?
All your senses can become memories and memory tags; you’re unconsciously storing smells, touch/sensations, tastes etc. (echoic and iconic are also examples of sensory memories)
True or false. Memories are distributed throughout the entire brain?
True
What is the relationship of the frontal lobe to memory?
Sequence of events for autobiographical memories
What is the relationship of the Parietal Lobe to memories?
Physical sensations of sensory memories
What is the relationship of the Occipital lobe to memory?
Visual-spatial aspects of memories
What is the relationship of the Temporal lobe to memory?
Auditory features of memories
What is the relationship of the Hippocampus to memory?
New short-term memories of all types
What is the relationship of the Amygdala to memory?
Emotional components of memories (flashbulb)