Unit 4 Cognitive Intelligences Flashcards
Define brain development
Prenatal neural tissue growing until all parts of the brain are formed
Define cognitive development
The mental processing of information and developing an awareness of concepts across the lifespan
Who created the first theory of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
What is the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Define the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
The child learns through the processing of sensory information which they discover as their motor development allows movement/exploration of the environment
Give an example of a child struggling with object permanence
Any object that is hidden will seem to magically disappear, no longer exhist
What simple game helps children in the sensorimotor stage develop object permanence?
Peek a boo
What other indicators are there that an infant is learning or developing cognitively?
They respond to sounds, lights, smell, taste as well as learn their name, start to mimic sounds
What is the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive development
Preoperational
Define the preoperational stage of cognitive development
The child learns through social-learning/referencing as well as language. They can understand a lot of words and using language to communicate
Give an example of a child struggling with “conservation tasks”
During preoperational stage a child that sees two glasses of the same size filled the same, then pouring one into taller glass will struggle to understand the taller glass still has the same amount of liquid, they think there is more liquid
Give an example of a child who has grasped the cognitive concept of “conservation tasks”
The child will know that with two glasses filled the same and then one poured into a taller glass there is the same amount of liquid
What is the third stage of Piaget’s cognitive development
Concrete operational
Describe the concrete operational stage
The child is given academic tasks to “operate” on that require logic, reasoning, and usually some form of measurement/calculation to solve. They no longer just guess
Give an example of a concrete operational task
Identify which is taller, Sally or Sarah by taking measurement and comparing the inches
What is cognitive equalibrium?
A positive state of mind when new information can be processed
What is assimilation?
Putting new information into a new category in your mind
What is Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development
Formal operational
Define the formal operational cognitive development stage
Higher order mental processing such as creating a hypothesis and developing methodology to test that hypothesis and then applying statistics to interpret the significance of the date and then making a conclusion based on that data
What mental process yield different interpretations of the same information?
Perception, our interpretation of an event often different from someone else who experienced the same event
What layer of awareness are children learning from during infancy and early childhood?
Unconscious
Who said childhood experiences are possibly most influential regarding mental processes for the rest of your life?
Sigmund Freud
(Childhood and all uncomfortable conscious material from childhood is “formative”)
Who created the ecological theory of development?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
List the 4 ecosystems (in order)
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem (chronosystem)
Who created psychosocial stages of development?
Erik Erikson
Define psychosocial stages of development
We learn through social interactions
Explain the “internal working model”
The beliefs we have about ourselves and other relationships based on past experiences
What does ACE stand for?
Adverse childhood experiences
List three examples of ACEs
Abuse
Neglect
Divorce
Living with and addict
What impact can an ACE have on you?
It can cause anxiety and stress, lead to chronic health conditions, academic struggles, coping skills deficits, risky behaviors and shortened lifespan
Which parenting strategy is NOT recommended
Authoritarian which features the parent giving frequent punishments
If a child is spanked on a regular basis by his/her mother, what is a possible outcome?
Increased risk of delinquincy
If a child is spanked regularly by his/her father, what is a possible outcome?
Decrease in verbal communication skills
Children who are spanked less than twice a month are __% more likely to become aggressive in adulthood?
17%
Children who are spanked more than twice a month are __% more likely to become aggressive in adulthood
49%
True or false, being spanked puts you at risk of developing mental illness?
True
True or false, being spanked impairs cognitive development and lower IQ scores
True
What do most developmental psychologists and researchers say regarding the use of spanking because of the data?
It should not be used on a regular basis as it will cause brain damage or impairments if overused
Explain the 3 legal views on spanking around the world
-no spanking band should be placed on the act (any adult should be allowed to spank a child)
- partial spanking bans should be placed on the act (only parents allowed)
-total bans should be placed on the act (no adults allowed)
What can help counterbalance ACEs
Increased positive interactions/experiences
How can a parent prevent ACEs
Regular love/affection attention, model how to manage emotions without violence
What can a parent do if their child does experience an ACE
Take the child to a professional for treatment, child psychologist
What did/do eugenicists believe about how you acquire “intelligence”?
It’s genetic, you can learn or develope it
Did eugenicists believe that getting a quality education could help someone obtain or improve intelligence?
No
Who coined the term “Eugenics”?
Francis Galton
What did Francis Galton want the US government to do?
He wanted the US government to control who gets to breed
Who was Françis Galton’s cousin?
Charles Darwin
Who was the supreme court chief justice who ruled in favor of forced sterilization of US citizens that were determined genetically inferior?
Oliver W Holmes
What was Oliver W Holmes quoted to say about forced sterilization?
“three generations enough”
If within three generations your genetic relatives were still inferior then your family shouldn’t breed
We’re the majority of states in the US in favor of or against forced sterilization of “genetically inferior” citizens?
Majority in favor/supported
What is an example of a eugenic mindset or belief today?
People who claim they are superior to others or display racist acts against those they believe are inferior to them
Who is a current famous person that promoted eugenical ideas?
Donald Trump
True or false, since Trump was elected there has been in increase in hate crimes and gatherings?
True
Who identified that intelligence was something you could develop across many different areas of cognitive functioning?
G. P. Guilford
How many listed cognitive abilities did G. P. Guilford create ?
180 different cognitive abilities (such as reading, math, science, music etc)
Give an example of something a human learns based on the environment they grow up in?
Language, no one is born speaking and which language you learn is based on where you are raised
What did G P Guilford promote for everyone?
Education
Explain the modern perspective on intelligience
Intelligence= using your mental processing abilities to be successful/functional in a variety of settings
True or false, the field no longer believes there is one type of overall intelligence that you are genetically born with that allows you to be successful in all settings?
True
True or false, most types of intelligences can be developed if given the opportunity to receive an education in that area of intelligence?
True
True or false, some people have a genetic disposition toward developing certain types of intelligence more easily?
True
True or false, humans have many different types of intelligences. Your strength in an area of intelligence correlates with your success in settings that require that type of intelligence
True
Who created the theory of “multiple intelligences”
Howard Gardner
List the types of intelligences in the “multiple intelligences” theory
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intraperitoneal
Verbal-linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Naturalistic
Visual-spatial
Musical
Existential