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STLCC Psychology 100 Anis McLin-Morris > Unit 3 Neurons and Human Brain > Flashcards

Unit 3 Neurons and Human Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the specialized cell that primarily makes up the brain?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What is the function of a Neuron?

A

Communication cells, they send and receive neurotransmitters

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3
Q

The Action Potential causes the neuron to release a brain chemical, what are these called?

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q

List neurotransmitters covered in this lecture

A

Adrenaline/Epinephrine
Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Endorphins

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5
Q

What is Adrenaline/Epinephrine?

A

Fight or flight neurotransmitter

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6
Q

What is Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine?

A

Concentration neurotransmitter

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7
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

Pleasure neurotransmitter

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8
Q

What is Serotonin?

A

Mood neurotransmitter

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9
Q

What is GABA?

A

Calming neurotransmitter

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10
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Learning neurotransmitter

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11
Q

What is Glutamate?

A

Memory neurotransmitter

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12
Q

What are Endorphins?

A

Euphoria neurotransmitter

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13
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with Adrenaline/Epinephrine?

A

Panic attacks

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14
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine?

A

ADHD

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15
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with Dopamine?

A

Addiction

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16
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with Serotonin?

A

Depression

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17
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with GABA?

A

Anxiety/ Sleep problems

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18
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with acetylcholine?

A

Learning disorders

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19
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with Glutamate?

A

Alzheimers

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20
Q

What is an example of a problem that can happen with Endorphins?

A

Bipolar

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21
Q

What does the semi-permeable membrane have embedded within it?

A

Ion channels

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22
Q

Which cell creates the myelin sheath?
(This is why each myelin sheath has it’s own nucleus)

A

Schwann’s cells

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23
Q

What do synaptic vesicles hold?

A

Neurotransmitters

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24
Q

What is the main body of the neuron called?

A

The Soma

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25
Q

All around the Soma of the Neuron are branch-like structures, what are they called?

A

Dendrites

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26
Q

What is the area labeled #1 of the Neuron called?

What is #1 on this image?
A

Dendrites (receivers)

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27
Q

What is the area labeled #2 on this image of the Neuron called?

A

The Soma or cell body

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28
Q

What is the area labeled #3 on this image of a neuron called?

A

Axon (the conducting fiber)

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29
Q

What is this area labeled #4 on the image of the neuron called?

A

Node of Ranvier

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30
Q

What is the area labeled #5 of this image of a neuron called?

A

Axon terminals (transmitters)

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31
Q

What is this area labeled #6 on the image of a neuron called?

A

Schwann’s cells (they make the myelin)

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32
Q

What is this area labeled #7 on the image of a neuron called?

A

Myelin sheath (insulated fatty layer that spreads up transmission)

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33
Q

What is this area labeled #8 on the image of the neuron called?

A

The nucleus

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34
Q

What is the long tube extending away from the Soma?

A

The Axon

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35
Q

What are the fatty segments along the axon called?

A

The myelin sheath

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36
Q

What are the spaces between the myelin sheath called?

A

The nodes of ranvier

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37
Q

What are the cells that make the myelin sheath called?

A

Schwann’s cells

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38
Q

What is the “skin” of the neuron called?

A

The semi-permeable membrane

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39
Q

What kind of cell is the Schwann’s cells?

A

A glial cell

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40
Q

What are the branch like structures at the end away from the neurons main body called?

A

Axon terminals (transmitters)

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41
Q

What do synaptic vesicles hold?

A

Neurotransmitters

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42
Q

Where are the synaptic vesicles located?

A

In the Axon terminal

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43
Q

How does the axon terminal get triggered to release the neurotransmitters?

A

With an action potential

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44
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged particles

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45
Q

What does Na+ stand for?

A

Sodium

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46
Q

What does K+ stand for?

A

Potassium

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47
Q

What does the neuron Soma do?

A

Holds the nucleus “brain” of the neuron cell

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48
Q

What does the neurons semi-permeable membrane do?

A

Is the “skin” of the neuron and has ion channels to allows some ions in

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49
Q

What does the Axon do?

A

It is a long tube where the electricity of an action potential travels

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50
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

It is fatty segments along the axon which speed up the conduction of electrical transmission of an action potential

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51
Q

What do the nodes of ranvier do?

A

These are unmyelinated parts along the axon that allow the electrical transmission of an action potential to hop over myelin sheath and speed up transmission

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52
Q

What is visible in each segment of the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cells

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53
Q

What is contained in Axon terminals?

A

Synaptic vesicles

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54
Q

What do synaptic vesicles do?

A

They hold neurtransmitters

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55
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They have receptor sites to to receive neurotransmitters

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56
Q

What do receptor sites do?

A

Portals to receive neurotransmitters

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57
Q

What are the 5 stages of an action potential?

A

RESTING
1) Threshold
2) Depolarization
3) Repolarization
4) Hyperpolarization
5) Na+/K+ pump
RESTING

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58
Q

Which stage of an action potential is described:
Na+ out, K+ >in/<out; ~40mV?

A

Threshold, the first stage

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59
Q

Which stage of an action potential is described:
Na+ in, K+ in; +mV?

A

Depolarization, the second stage

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60
Q

Which stage of an action potential is described:
Na+ in, K+ out; -mV?

A

Repolarization, the third stage

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61
Q

Which stage of an action potential is described:
Too negative to communicate

A

Hyperpolarization, the fourth stage

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62
Q

Which stage of an action potential is described:
Na+ out, K+ >in/<out

A

The Na+/K+ pump, the fifth stage

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63
Q

What does Na+ out, K+ in&out; -70mV describe?

A

Resting, before and after an action potential stage

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64
Q

During chemical transmission, which neuron (pre-synaptic or post-synaptic) goes through the action potential process?

A

Pre-synaptic neuron

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65
Q

What role does the pre-synaptic neuron play in chemical transmission?

A

It “sends” the neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap and goes through the reuptake process

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66
Q

Where do the neurotransmitters go upon release?

A

They are “eaten up” my the Monamine Oxidase enzyme (MAO) in the synaptic gap

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67
Q

What is synaptic gap?

A

The space between neurons, they never touch

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68
Q

What does the pre-synaptic neuron do after it has successfully released neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap?

A

The Reuptake process

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69
Q

What is the process of recycling or repackaging neurotransmitters after successful transmission of neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap by pre-synaptic neurons

A

Reuptake process

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70
Q

Why do MAO enzymes “eat” left-over neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap? What purpose does this serve for the brain/neuron?

A

This is a regulation process helps maintain brain chemistry balance

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71
Q

Which neuron receives the neurotransmitters after they have gone through the synaptic gap?

A

Dendrites on the post-synaptic neuron

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72
Q

What does “lock and key” specific receptor sites on the post-synaptic neurons dendrites mean?

A

Dendrites receptor sites can only receive specific neurotransmitters

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73
Q

Differentiate the “excitatory” vs “inhibitory” impact on the post-synaptic neuron after chemical transmission

A

Excitatory - increases action potentials
Inhibitory - decreases action potentials

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74
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The non-physical connection between two neurons (neurons never touch)

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75
Q

What causes long-term potentiation between neurons?

A

When neurons communicate frequently

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76
Q

What happens because of long-term potentiation of a synapse?

A

The synapse gets stronger and causes synaptic pathways to form which is the “hard-working” of your brain (i.e. memories/knowledge, etc)

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77
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A balanced, stable or steady state

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78
Q

What happens if your neurotransmitters don’t stay balanced?

A

You will start having symptoms of mental illness

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79
Q

What can happen to a synapse if a person’s pattern of thinking changes?

A

If you don’t use it, you lose it. Vice versa if you use it more it gets stronger

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80
Q

What is Down Regulation?

A

When receptor sites shut down if too much dopamine is present

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81
Q

Describe an example of how a drug produces downregulation

A

-Take a drug
-The reward center of your brain produces dopamine (DA) and impairs reuptake & MAO processes
- excessive DA (the high)
- DA receptor sites shut down

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82
Q

What do prescription psychotropic drugs help with?

A

If a brain doesn’t self-regulate, then a drug may be used to help create balance (I.e. increase or decrease neurotransmitters)

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83
Q

What does newer research suggest about the tendency to use drugs to balance brain chemistry compared to making lifestyle changes? (such as dietary, exercise and sleep habits)

A

that the impact of exercise, diet and sleep habits may due a better job of helping the brain regulate itself

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84
Q

Where does the brain get the protein, potassium, sodium, and other nutrients it needs to function properly?

A

Food

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85
Q

What is the newly emerging field that is investigating the benefits of making lifestyle changes rather than using drugs to balance brain chemistry?

A

Nutritional psychiatry

86
Q

What is the electrical form of communication a neuron can do?

A

Action potential

87
Q

What is the body of the neuron called?

A

The Soma

88
Q

What is the skin of the neuron called? (This holds the ion channels)

A

Semi-permeable membrane

89
Q

What is the receiving part of the neuron?
(Holds receptor sites)

A

Dendrites

90
Q

What is the neurotransmitter-specific portals called?

A

Receptor sites

91
Q

What is the long tube that extends from the Soma to the axon terminal called?

A

The Axon

92
Q

What are the tiny sacs that contain the neurotransmitters called?

A

Synaptic vesicles

93
Q

What is the sending part of the neuron called?
(Holds synaptic vesicles)

A

Axon terminals

94
Q

What are fatty segments along the axon called?

A

Myelin sheaths

95
Q

What are the unmyelinated segments along the axon called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

96
Q

Explain the Reuptake process:

A

When the pre-synaptic neuron repackaged/reuses neurotransmitters

97
Q

Explain what an MAO is

A

Enzymes that ensure there aren’t too many neurotransmitters

98
Q

Explain Lock-&-Key specificity

A

The dendrite’s receptor sites have portals that only accept certain neurotransmitters

99
Q

Define Neural Plate

A

Neural tissue that starts to fold into itself
(If this isn’t present no brain will form)

100
Q

Define Neural Plate

A

Neural tissue that starts to fold into itself
(If this isn’t present no brain will form)

101
Q

Neural groove

A

The folding neural tissue
(Differentiates left/right sides of the brain)

102
Q

Neural tube

A

Neural tissue that elongates and eventually becomes the entire central nervous system (CNS)

103
Q

Define Neurogenesis

A

The birth of a neuron/Soma

104
Q

Neural migration

A

When neurons travel to an area of the brain before communicating

105
Q

Define Synaptogenesis

A

The formation of a synapse (after neurons communicate)

106
Q

Define Plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change in response to stimulation/learning/experiences

107
Q

Define pruning

A

Removing/decreasing unused parts of a neuron at a synapse

108
Q

Define Neurodiversity

A

All brains are unique

109
Q

Define Neurotypical

A

Brain development and function falls within normal ranges

110
Q

Define Neuroatypical

A

Brain development and function falls outside of normal ranges (may or may not have a disorder)

111
Q

Define Neurodevelopmental disorder

A

Brain development and functioning causes impairments and services are needed

112
Q

Define Synesthesia

A

Having “joined” sensations

113
Q

List three regions of the brain

A

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

114
Q

What is within the Forebrain?

A

Cerebral Cortex
Corpus Callosum
Limbic system

115
Q

List the Four lobes of the brain

A

1) Frontal lobe
2) Temporal lobe
3) Parietal love
4) Occipital lobe

116
Q

Describe the Cerebral Cortex

A

The wrinkled outer portion with two hemispheres and four lobes in the Forebrain/Cerebrum

117
Q

Describe the Corpus Collosum

A

A thick band that connects the two hemispheres of the brain within the Forebrain/ Cerebrum

118
Q

Describe the Limbic System

A

A group of structures also know as the “animal brain” located in the Forebrain/Cerebrum

119
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

The Corpus Callosum

120
Q

Describe the functions within the Frontal Lobe

A

Higher order mental processes and conscious behaviors & smell

121
Q

Describe the functions within the Parietal Lobe

A

Whole body sensations & touch

122
Q

Describe the functions within the Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

123
Q

Describe the functions within the Temporal Lobe

A

Sound and taste

124
Q

Do both hemispheres of the brain have all four lobes?

A

Yes

125
Q

List 5 fetal origin toxins

A

Radiation
Lead
Toxic waste
Chemicals
Pesticides
Air pollution

126
Q

List fetal origin factors that would promote brain development

A

Prenatal vitamins
Managing stress

127
Q

List fetal origin factors that would impair brain development

A

Drinking alcohol
Taking drugs/medication

128
Q

List Nurture factors that promote healthy brain development

A

Affection
Attention
Education

129
Q

List Nurture factors that might impair brain development

A

Abuse
Neglect
Poverty

130
Q

List Nature factors that promote healthy brain development

A

Good genes

131
Q

List Nature factors that might impair brain development

A

Genetic mutations

132
Q

Who conducted research to mimic the upbringing of orphans experience by separating monkeys from their mothers at birth?

A

Harry Harlow

133
Q

List three findings of Harry Harlows research

A

1) infants need regular touch in addition to being regularly fed and cleaned
2)infants who didn’t get regular touch affection and movement sometimes died
3) If given a choice between surrogate mother who felt soft and moved or surrogate mother who only provided food the monkey chose comfort over food

134
Q

What can happen if a care giver regularly allows a child to cry without responding?

A

Toxic Stress Syndrome, where the growth, development and function of the brain can be impaired and can cause death

135
Q

What can result from Shaken Baby Syndrome?

A

Brain damage, loss of knowledge/skills, convulsions/seizures, death

136
Q

Define Nature

A

Genetic influences

137
Q

Define Nurture

A

Environmental influences

138
Q

Define Fetal Origins

A

Prenatal influances

139
Q

When is the brain fully developed?

A

Between 21-25 years old

140
Q

How many neurons does a healthy brain have when it’s fully developed?

A

~90 billion neurons

141
Q

What is the consistency of a mature brain?

A

Similar to soft tofu very easily damaged

142
Q

Which Cortex plans upcoming movements? Which lobe is it in?

A

Pre-motor cortex in the Frontal lobe

143
Q

Which Cortex handles conscious/voluntary movements? Which lobe is it in?

A

Motor Cortex, frontal lobe

144
Q

Which Cortex processes everything you touch/feel? Which lobe is it in?

A

Somatosensory Cortex, Parietal Lobe

145
Q

Which Cortex allows you to make speech sounds/talk? Which Lobe is it in?

A

Brocas’s cortex, frontal lobe

146
Q

Which Cortex allows you to comprehend speech sounds? Which lobe is it in?

A

Wernicke’s Cortex, Temporal lobe

147
Q

Which Cortex processes everything you hear (voice, music, etc) ? Which lobe is it in?

A

Primary Auditory Cortex, Temporal lobe

148
Q

Which Cortex processes everything you see? Which lobe is it in?

A

Visual cortex, occipital lobe

149
Q

Which Cortex handles decision making mental processes (considering pros/cons)? Which lobe is it in?

A

Pre-Frontal Cortex, frontal lobe

150
Q

What is “Aphasia”?

A

The inability to produce and/or understand language

151
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Inability to speak

152
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Inability to understand language

153
Q

What does the left hemisphere do?

A

Controls right side of the body, verbal, mathematical, logical, reasoning skills

154
Q

What does the right hemisphere do?

A

Controls left side of the body, non-verbal, artistic, intuitive, creative skills

155
Q

Which two cortices are only located in the left hemisphere?

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

156
Q

What is the association cortex/cortices?

A

These are made up of interneurons and connect the different cortices

157
Q

List the 5 limbic system structures

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Hippocampus
4) Amygdala
5) Olfactory bulb

158
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

Relays information from brainstorm to cerebral cortex. (Usually it directs signals to the Occipital lobe as vision is a dominant sense)

159
Q

What does Hypothalamus do?

A

Activates/regulates the pituitary gland
(Which is the master gland of the entire endocrine system or glands that produce all bodily hormones)

160
Q

What does the Hippocampus do?

A

Helps you form new short-term memories and neurogenesis

161
Q

What does the Amygdala do?

A

Helps you feel and process emotions

162
Q

What does the Olfactory Bulb do?

A

Helps you process smells

163
Q

What are two structures in the Midbrain?

A

Substantia Nigra
Reticular Activation system

164
Q

What does the substantia Nigra do?

A

The area that produces most of your dopamine

165
Q

What does the Reticular Activation system do?

A

A relay station that directs signals to the cerebral cortex for further processing. If dopamine is present it will send rewarding signals to the frontal lobe and convince your brain to do that activity more

166
Q

List 4 Hindbrain structures

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Reticular Formation

167
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

Whole body balance, coordination, bilateral movements (like walking or swimming)

168
Q

What does the Pons do?

A

Small muscle movements such as bladder control, swallowing

169
Q

What does the Medulla do?

A

Regulates all life-support functions such as heart rate, respiration, digestion, perspiration

170
Q

What does the Reticular Formation do?

A

Helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle

171
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

The midbrain and hindbrain structures

172
Q

Who conducted research to mimic the socioeconomic conditions children experience by raising rats in enriched, middle/average or impoverished environments?

A

Marian Diamond

173
Q

What are 3 findings from Marian Diamonds research?

A

1) Those raised in impoverished environments had smaller, lower functioning brains
2) those raised in enriched environments had larger, higher functioning brains
3) there is a 25% brain mass difference based on Socioeconomic status conditions
(Later research showed decline in several areas of mental functions seemingly related to exposure to screens, recommendations to not expose children to screens before 1.5yrs)

174
Q

List 3 neurodevelopmental delays researchers have correlated to early exposure to screens

A

Attention span deficits
Learning disorders
Language delays

175
Q

List 4 things you can do to ensure you have a healthy brain

A

Regular exercise
Eat nutritious/healthy foods
Get proper sleep on a regular basis
Engage in regular social interactions
Study/take classes (challenge your brain)

176
Q

What activity is most stimulating to the brain?

A

Playing a musical instrument activates more areas in both hemispheres than any other activity researched

177
Q

Define Synesthesia

A

Having joined sensations

178
Q

Give an example of Synesthesia

A

Tasting a flavor when you hear a sound (without eating)

179
Q

What is Hydrocephalus?

A

A condition where fluid builds up in the brain

180
Q

List 3 “last resorts” for brain conditions (featuring grand mal seizures) that don’t respond to medications

A

Split brain operation
Lobectomy
Hemispherectomy

181
Q

What is a split brain operation?

A

Cutting the Corpus callosum in half

182
Q

What is a lobectomy?

A

Removing one lobe in the brain

183
Q

What is a hemispherectomy?

A

Removing one hemisphere of the brain

184
Q

What is the first stage of an action potential?

A

1) Threshold

185
Q

What is the second stage of an action potential?

A

2) Depolarization

186
Q

What is the third stage of an action potential?

A

3) Repolarization

187
Q

What is the fourth stage of an action potential?

A

4) Hyperpolarization

188
Q

What is the fifth stage of an action potential?

A

5) Na+/K+ pump

189
Q

What is the area marked A on this image called?

A

Frontal Lobe

190
Q

What is the area marked B on this image called?

A

Parietal Lobe

191
Q

What is the area marked C on this image called?

A

Occipital Lobe

192
Q

What is the area marked D on this image called?

A

Temporal Lobe

193
Q

What is the area marked A on this image called?

A

Pons

194
Q

What is the area marked B on this image called?

A

Medulla

195
Q

What is the area marked C on this image called?

A

Reticular Formation

196
Q

What is the area marked D on this image called?

A

Cerebellum

197
Q

What is the area marked A on this image called?

A

Hypothalamus

198
Q

What is the area marked B on this image called?

A

Thalamus

199
Q

What is the area marked C on this image called?

A

Hippocampus

200
Q

What is the area marked D on this image called?

A

Amygdala

201
Q

What is the area marked E on this image called?

A

Olfactory Bulb

202
Q

What is the area marked F on this image called?

A

Frontal Lobe

203
Q

What is the area marked A on this image called?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

204
Q

What is the area marked B on this image called?

A

Pre-motor Cortex

205
Q

What is the area marked C on this image called?

A

Motor Strip

206
Q

What is the area marked D on this image called?

A

Somatosensory

207
Q

What is the area marked E on this image called?

A

Wernicke area

208
Q

What is the area marked F on this image called?

A

Visual cortex

209
Q

What is the area marked G on this image called?

A

Auditory Cortex

210
Q

What is the area marked H on this image called?

A

Broca’s

211
Q

Differentiate the excitatory vs inhibitory impact on the post-synaptic neuron after chemical transmission occurs?

A

Excitatory - increased action potentials
Inhibitory - decreases action potentials

STLCC Psychology 100 Anis McLin-Morris (7 decks)

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