Unit 1 History Psychology Flashcards
Before the creation of the field of Psychology, which three philosophers were first to teach others their ideas about the psyche or mind?
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
What type of philosophers are given credit as original founders of psychological concepts?
Greek philosophers
Who promoted the idea that a mental illness was like a medical condition?
Also defined a “fear within the psyche” as a Phobia
Hipocrates
In Early years of treatment what was the primary belief was the reason people had mental illness?
Demonic Posession
What were the earliest hospitals for the mentally ill called?
Asylums
What was the name of the wooden container that confined patients while exposing them to a hot sauna-like experience?
Steam Cabinet
What was the name of the wooden chair with physical restraints for the body and sensory deprivation for the head?
Tranquility Chair
Who was famous for an abrupt personality change after an accident where a railroad rod damaged his brain?
Phineas Gage
When researchers knowingly hide or alter data to misrepresent their findings this is called what?
Researcher Bias
Why was Psychology heavily criticized in early years?
Incorrectly using scientific method/Pseudoscience
What is a stigma?
Negative view of something, disapproval/discrimination of something/someone by society
Define “Psychology”
The scientific study of mental processes and associated behaviors
What are two examples of a mental process impacting behavior?
1) Feeling emotion (happy)= display behavior (smile)
2) (behavior) sleeping = dreaming (mental process)
Differentiate terms; Nature, Nurture, Fetal Origins
Nature=Genetic influence
Nurture=Environmental influence
Fetal Origins=Prenatal influences
Who is most famous/ influential psychologist?
Sigmund Freud
What is the Unconscious?
Part of the psyche hidden from us, such as childhood memories/experiences
What psychological perspective focused on early childhood, sexuality and unconscious?
Psychoanalysis
Who founded psychoanalysis?
Psychotherapy/ talk-therapy
Sigmund Freud
Which psychological perspective focused on talk therapy?
Psychoanalysis
Which psychological perspective believes problems with mental processes come from struggle with hierarchy of needs?
Humanism
What is most effective research supported psychotherapy?
cognitive/ behavioral therapy
What is an example of what an evolutionary psychologist would do?
Ex: Track how communication between humans has changed over time, with technology etc.
What is an example of what a Biological/ Neurological Psychologist would do
Ex: Measure impact of medications on hormones and neurotransmitters
Differentiate terms
-Neurodiversity
-Neurotypical
-Neuroatypical
Neurodiversity = everyone is unique
Neurotypical = Mental processes in normal range
Neuroatypical = Mental processes in abnormal range
Who is commonly given credit for coining the word “Psychology” because he published it first?
Rudolph Goclenius
Who did historians discover actually used the word “Psychology” first in personal journals?
Marco Marulic
Who created the Scientific Method?
Sir Francis Bacon
Which Procedure did Walter Freeman create for severe mental illness?
Transorbital Lobotomy
Compare/contrast a list of indicators that a field is using scientific method correctly s incorrectly:
Correct if:
-Hypothesis predicts measurable outcome
-accurate / valid data (empirical evidence) is collected
-Results are reliable / replicable
-Results are generalizable / useful to most / all people
Which psychological perspective focused on perceptions . experiences rather than breaking them down?
ex: Misunderstanding a situation because we only hear one side
Gestalt
Who founded Gestalt?
Max Wertheimer
Who was the first woman to fulfill educational requirements as psychologist but denied a degree due to gender?
Mary Clakins
Who was the first woman to actually hold a PHD in psychology in the U.S.?
Margaret Washburn
Who was the first African American to earn a PHD in Psychology in the U.S.?
Francis Sumner
Who was the first African American woman to earn a PHD in Psychology in the U.S.?
Inez Prosser
Who are the founders of Humanism?
Carol Rogers and Abraham Maslow
What is the Humanism term for reaching one’s highest potential of functioning?
Self-Actualization
Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing mal-adaptive processes?
Cognitive Therapy
Who created cognitive therapy?
Aaron Beck
What are three strategies of cognitive therapy?
-mindfulness
-visualizations
-guided imagery
-cognitive reprogramming
What are three non-therapeutic ways modern psychologists can apply the field?
-Education/teacher
-Industrial-Organizational (Improving work environment)
-Forensic/ law enforcement profilers
What would a Social-Cultural Psychologist do?
Study specific mental processes and behaviors based on socio-cultural background
Define undoing?
Trying to atone for past mistakes
Define Denial?
Unable to accept the truth
Define Regression?
Reverting to an immature method of coping when something goes wrong
Define Suppresion?
Intentionally forgetting something traumatic
Define Repression?
Unintentionally forgetting something traumatic
Define Somatic Reaction
Having symptoms of illness due to psychological distress
Define Reaction Formation?
Having an opposite reaction from what you expect/expected
Define Projection?
Casting your thoughts / feelings onto others; predicting they are the same
Define Displacement?
Expressing yourself indirectly (placing emotions somewhere else)
Define Rationalization?
Making excuses to justify misbehavior
Define Acting Out?
Expressing yourself directly and usually inappropriately, confrontational
Define Sublimation?
Coping in a way that helps you and others deal with a trauma
Define Intellectualization?
Avoiding your emotions so you can function
How many Ego Defense mechanisms are there?
Thirteen
What three things did Freud contribute to psychology?
-Levels of awareness
-personality structures
-Psychoanalysis
What are the three levels of consciousness?
-Conscious = Actively Aware
-Preconscious = Able to remember
-Unconscious = hidden from awareness
What are the three personality structures?
-Id
-Ego
-Superego
List three strategies Freud used to psychoanalize?
-Free association
-Dream analysis
-Ego defense mechanisms
Who founded Behaviorism?
John B Watson
Which psychological perspective focused on Ivan Pavlov’s idea of classical conditioning?
Behaviorism
Who is the founder of functionalism?
William James
Which psychological perspective focused on adaptiveness influenced by Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution?
Functionalism
Who was the founder of Structuralism /Introspection?
E. B. Titchener
Which psychological perspective focused on breaking experiences down to sensory parts?
Structuralism / Introspection
Who established the first laboratory for scientific research in the U.S.?Founded the American Psychological Association? Discovered “Adolescence”?
G. Stanley Hall
Who identified/coined the term “Interactive Dualism”?
Rene Descartes
Who is given the title “Father of Psychology”?
Also established first laboratory to conduct scientific psychological research?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who won the Nobel prize for developing the first psychosurgery? What was the procedure?
Egaz Moniz
Lobotomy
