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STLCC Psychology 100 Anis McLin-Morris > Unit 2 Scientific Method > Flashcards

Unit 2 Scientific Method Flashcards

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1
Q

The variable researchers measure (to determine if there is an effect) is called the:

A

Independant Vaiable

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2
Q

Dan wants to research the impact of studying patterns on grades. He predicts that the amount of hours a student studies will effect their grades; more specifically, he predicts students who study over multiple days a week will earn higher grades than students who just cram the night before an exam. What is Dan’s dependent variable?

A

Grades

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3
Q

Which step in the scientific method addresses the plan to gather data, who can participate, how the researchers will interact with the subjects, etc.?

A

Methodology

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4
Q

If a researcher successfully removes confounding variable and actually measures what they claim to be measuring, their research will be:

A

Valid

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5
Q

If a researcher replicates their research and repeatedly gets the same results, it establishes:

A

Validity and Reliability

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6
Q

If the research design features a hypothesis with an independent variable, dependent variable (and no confounding variables), a control group and experimental group, non-random sample, and the subjects (only) are “blind”, which research design is this?

A

Quasi-Experimental Design

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7
Q

Who conducted the Obedience Study?

A

Stanley Milgram

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8
Q

What was the dependent variable in Hoflings experiment?

A

Compliance (or Non-Compliance)

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9
Q

Which descriptive research method identifies people’s preferences, views, opinions, etc.?

A

Survey

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10
Q

Researchers have discovered that as students increase their study efforts, their grades also increase at a similar rate (likewise as students decrease their study efforts, their grades also decrease at a similar rate). This is an example of a:

A

Positive Correlation

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11
Q

_____ are your views of beliefs about what is right vs wrong whereas ______ is your behavioral manifestation that reflect those views.

A

Moral, ethics

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12
Q

Which of the following strategies have been used to teach humans right from wrong?

A

-parents teach their children
-churches teach their community
-societies make laws

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13
Q

Which historical figure was committing horribly immoral and unethical acts which caused the world the established the Nuremberg Code?

A

Adolf Hitler

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14
Q

Researchers have a responsibility to debrief their particiants. This means:

A

To inform them of the true purpose of the research after it’s over

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15
Q

What is an example of a current code of conduct modern businesses require of customers

A

-Must wear a shirt
-Must wear a mask
-Must wear shoes

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16
Q

True or false: People in our society ignore many ethical codes (ex speed limits etc)

A

True

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17
Q

Which construct of the Psyche did Freud say caused people to behave selfishly

A

Id

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18
Q

True or False: Ethical codes prevent all unethical research

A

False

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19
Q

Which statement is NOT true regarding Tuskegee syphilis study?

A

When a cure was found they ended the study (they did not)

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20
Q

Which president finally acknowledged how unethical the Tuskegee study had been and made a formal apology 20 years after it ended?

A

Bill Clinton

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21
Q

List the steps in the Scientific Method

A

1) Form Hypothesis
2) Design Methodology
3) Collect & Analyze Data
4) Conclude & Submit/Publish

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22
Q

Define Hypothesis

A

A Testable prediction of a relationship between Variables

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23
Q

Define Independant Variable (IV)

A

The causal variable; the variable given to subjects to see cause and effect

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24
Q

Define Dependant Variable (DV)

A

The outcome variable; the variable you are measuring to see if the IV had an effect on

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25
Q

Define Confounding Variable (CV)

A

Variable(s) that could effect the outcome other than the IV

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26
Q

Define Operational Definition (OD)

A

Specific definitions of the variables in an experiment

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27
Q

Give an example of having different conditions under which a researcher is looking at their IV

A

EX: You can have multiple experimental groups getting slightly different versions of the IV. Such as the amount of studying effects; EG1 studies 3hrs/wk, EG2 studies 5hrs/wk

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28
Q

What is research methodology??

A

Your plan/proposal that outlines how you will test your hypothesis

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29
Q

List five components of a methodology

A

1) Recruitment
2) Mild Deception
3) Research Design
4) Validity measures
5) Ethical Considerations

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30
Q

Briefly explain Recruitment.

A

Determining how to get research subjects and who can participate (random sampling=anyone can be a subject vs. non-random sampling=only select people)

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31
Q

Briefly explain Research designs

A

Selecting a research design based on your hypothesis and subjects.

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32
Q

Breifly explain Validity measures

A

Taking steps to ensure all confounding variables have been addressed and that data will be accurate

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33
Q

Breifly explain Ethical considerations

A

Processing worst-case scenario to avoid harming subjects and getting review committees approval

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34
Q

What helps data collection be more valid?

A

-Ensure same experimental conditions for every subject
-The larger the subject group or data set the better

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35
Q

Which branch of Math or type of analysis do psychologists normally use to determine if there is a significant cause-and-effect relationship between variables?

A

Statistics

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36
Q

Why is data that doesn’t support the hypothesis important?

A

It rules things out and narrows research; its informative and beneficial.

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37
Q

What must research conclusions be based on?

A

Data

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38
Q

Define Validity

A

Accurate results

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39
Q

Define Reliability

A

Consistent results

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40
Q

Define Generalizability

A

Application potential

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41
Q

How can you establish reliability of your data?

A

Replication: repeat experiment multiple times and see consistent results

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42
Q

Why is it important to submit your research for review?

A

This allows experts in the field to criticize the research

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43
Q

Why is it important to submit your research for publication?

A

Publications allows others to benefit from the discoveries of the research.

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44
Q

List 5 components of the Classical Reasearch design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses Random Sampling (high generalizability)
4) Subjects only are “Blind”, Can be done anywhere
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

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45
Q

List 5 components of the Field Experiment design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses RANDOM SAMPLING or NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
4) Subjects only are “Blind” AND MUST BE DONE IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF SUBJECTS
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

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46
Q

List 5 components of the Quasi-Experimental Design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses NON-Random Sampling (Low generalizability)
4) Subjects only are “Blind” Can be done anywhere
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

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47
Q

List 5 components of the Laboratory Experimental design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses Random Sampling or non-Random Sampling
4) Subjects only are “Blind”, MUST BE DONE IN SIMULATED ENVIRONMENT
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

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48
Q

List 5 components of the Double-Blind Experimental Design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses Random Sampling (high generalizability)
4) Subjects AND ASSISTANTS are “Blind”
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

49
Q

Who conducted the Obedience Study?

A

Stanley Milgram

50
Q

Why did Stanley Milgram decide to research obediance?

A

His family survived the Holocaust, and he didn’t believe anyone would blindly follow orders to harm someone.

51
Q

Briefly decribe the components the Obediance Study

A

-Hypothesis: Most people will not obey an authority figure if ordered to harm someone
-IV: Order to harm
-DV: Obedience/disobedience
-Methodology: Ask anyone to play role of teacher and shock “students”. No “students” actually harmed.
-Research Design: Classic Design
-Conclusion: Hypothesis wrong, people obey
-Ethical concerns: Subject emotionally traumatized

52
Q

Define Debriefing

A

Informing subject of true nature of the research after data collected

53
Q

Define Desensitizing

A

Returning subjects to the same state of health (mental and physical) they were in prior to research

54
Q

Who conducted the Compliance Study?

A

Charles Hofling

55
Q

Breifly describe the components of the Compliance Study

A

-Hypothesis: Nurses will comply with Doctor’s orders even if poses danger to patients
-IV: Doctor’s order to overdose
-DV: Compliance/non-compliance
-Methodology: Call Hospitals and order Nurse to overdose patient (medication was placebo)
-Research Design: Field Experiment
-Conclusion: Hypothesis correct, Nurses Complied
-Ethical Concerns: Emotional health of subjects

56
Q

Who conducted the Prison Study?

A

Philip Zimbardo

57
Q

Briefly describe the components of the Prison Study

A

-Hypothesis: Given a role, humans wil behave according to role rather than personal morals/ethics
-IV: The role (Prisoners/guards)
-DV: Role-specific behavior (not seen before)
-Methodology: Recruited male subjects through psychological tests to determine mental health (non-violent predisposition) then assigned rles of guard or prisoner for a simulated prison for 2 weeks
-Research Design: Laboratory Experiment (Quasi-Laboratory experiment)
-Conclusion: Correct
-Ethical concerns: Physical/mental abuse, denied right to discontinue

58
Q

Describe the components of a Quasi-Experimental design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses Non-Random Sampling (low generalizability)
4) Subjects only are “Blind”
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

59
Q

Describe a Double-Blind Experimental Design

A

1) Hypothesis with IV, DV, and methodology to control CV
2) Has an experimental group (gets IV) and Control group (gets placebo)
3) Uses Random or No-Random Sampling
4) Subjects and Assistant are “Blind”
5) Isolates cause-and-effect relationship (Validity and reliability measures taken)

60
Q

List three Descriptive Research Designs

A

1) Case Study
2) Naturalistic Observation
3) Survey

61
Q

Briefly explain a Case Study In General

A

A deep investigation into a subject’s life (such as serial killer profiles)

62
Q

Briefly explain Naturalistic Observation in general

A

Covertly observing subjects in natural habitat (such as Jane Goodall’s study of Chimpanzees in the wild)

63
Q

Briefly explain a Survey in general

A

Asking people ‘s opinion on a topic, often anonymously. (Such as pre-voting polls)

64
Q

List three kinds of correlation research designs

A

1) Positive Correlation
2) Negative Correlation
3) Zero Correlation

65
Q

Briefly explain positive correlation

A

Both variables moving together (up or down) Ex: increased studying and increase grades, decreased studying and decreased grades

66
Q

Briefly explain Negative Correlation

A

Variables move apart/away from each other. Ex: Increase alcohol and decrease grades.

67
Q

Briefly explain Zero Correlation

A

No relationship between variables at all. Ex: Shoe size and IQ score

68
Q

Which case study was covered in Lecture?

A

Jeffrey Dahmer

69
Q

List two discoveries from Jeffrey Dahmer’s case study

A

1) Fascination with internal organs of animals
2) Started drinking heavily before killing anyone
(both common in serial killers)

70
Q

What can conducting a series of case studies (of a cohort of people) establish?

A

A pattern of common traits

71
Q

Which Naturalistic Observation research was discussed in lecture?

A

Jane Goodall’s Chimpanzee study in the wild

72
Q

What are 2 discoveries of Jane Goodall’s chimpanzee research?

A

1) Chimps have a wide range of emotions
2) Chimps have different vocalizations to communicate

73
Q

Which famous survey-based research was discussed in lecture?

A

Alfred Kinsey’s Sexual Behavior Survey

74
Q

Why is it important to update survey data?

A

culturally accurate data changes over time

75
Q

Define Morals

A

Mental processing of what is right and wrong

76
Q

Define Ethics

A

Code of Conduct; actions representing belief of right/wrong

77
Q

Identify one way we learn morals and ethics

A

Parents

78
Q

Does everyone in society agree on what is right or wrong?

A

No

79
Q

What do societies establish to guide citizens toward ethical behavior?

A

Laws

80
Q

Did Hitler believe his actions toward Jews during the Holocaust was wrong?

A

No

81
Q

List one way Racism is still a problem today?

A

Black citizens shot and killed by police before given a chance in court

82
Q

Where did the Nazi’s face trial?

A

Nuremburg (Germany)

83
Q

Give an example of something Nazi’s did to Jewish citizens

A

Medical experiments

84
Q

Why were Nuremburg Codes established?

A

As a guide for researchers using human subjects to prevent future unethical research

85
Q

What was the outcome of the Nuremburg Trials?

A

Nazi’s found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death.

86
Q

List 5 terms of the APA Code:

A

1) Informed/voluntary consent
2) Confidentiality
3) Right to Withdraw
4) Debrief
5) Desensitize

87
Q

Explain Informed/Voluntary consent

A

Subjects can choose to sign a legal document that outlines the potential risks of agreeing to participate in research. Consent must be gained to precede

88
Q

Explain Confidentiality

A

A promise to protect the identity of subjects who choose to participate

89
Q

Explain the Right to Withdraw

A

Subjects can change their mind and quit at any point of the research

90
Q

Explain Debriefing

A

Telling subjects of the true nature of the research after data collected (undoing the mild deception)

91
Q

Explain Desensitize

A

Returning Subjects to their original state of mental and physical health prior to the research

92
Q

List 1 Code of Conduct a business may require of its workers or patrons

A

-Shirt
-Shoes
-Mask

93
Q

Give two examples of people doing something unethical in our society and why it’s a problem

A

1) Taking masks off when entering a building- can spread disease
2) Drinking and Driving- causing an accident

94
Q

Which construct of the psyche would Freud say caused you to do something immoral or unethical?

A

The Id (the selfish part of you)

95
Q

Can ethical codes prevent unethical research?

A

No

96
Q

Is unethical research being done today?

A

Yes

97
Q

Who conducted the research of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

The U.S. Department of Health

98
Q

What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

To gather information about the course of untreated Syphilis

99
Q

Which citizens were recruited for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

African-American males (only)

100
Q

What was the mild deception used for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

Promised free medical treatment

101
Q

What did the data from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study show?

A

Untreated Syphilis causes degeneration of the body, and ultimately death

102
Q

Why did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study continue after the APA Code was established?

A

They said the study started prior to APA Codes so it didn’t apply to them (grandfathered in)

103
Q

Did the U.S. Government inject subjects with Syphilis?

A

No evidence has been found

104
Q

When the Tuskegee Syphilis Study started there was no cure, what was injected as “treatment”?

A

Placebo

105
Q

What medicine was discovered to cure Syphilis?

A

Penicillin

106
Q

Were subjects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study given the cure?

A

No

107
Q

What was the rational for not giving subjects of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study the cure?

A

Study was still collecting data

108
Q

What caused the Tuskegee Syphilis Study to end after 40 years?

A

A Jounalist Blew the whistle and it made headlines across the US

109
Q

List 5 ethical violations the Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated

A

1) No informed consent
2) No Confidentiality
3) No right to withdraw
4) No protection of subjects
5) No desensitization

110
Q

Did the US government acknowledge what the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was wrong when it ended?

A

No

111
Q

Which US president finally acknowledged the Tuskegee Syphilis study was unethical?

A

Bill Clinton

112
Q

List 2 things Bill Clinton did to make amends for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

1) Paid families $10,000 per deceased subject
2) Public apology and memorial building with names of all subjects

113
Q

Briefly explain the SUPPORT (surfactant, positive pressure, and Oxygenation Randomized Trials) Study

A

Various Hospitals and Insurance companies agree to study percentage of oxygen premature infants needed to cut costs and get them out of the hospital faster. Preemies were randomly put on low-level, medium level, high-level oxygen. 20% of infants died.

114
Q

What was the potential benefit of the SUPPORT Study?

A

To save hospitals and insurance companies money and free up hospital beds

115
Q

How did the SUPPORT Study recruit subjects?

A

Doctors gave parents informed consent, without explanation and recommended they participate in the study

116
Q

Why did parents consent for their premature infants to be subjects of the SUPPORT Study and sign consent forms?

A

They didn’t read it and trusted the doctor’s recommendation.

117
Q

Briefly explain Facebooks “Emotion Contagion” Experiment

A

-Hypothesis: Social media sites can affect the emotional state of users and cause a contagion effect
-Methodology: Randomly posting negative stories on users timelines and tracking response and if it spread to other users.
- Conclusion: Correct

118
Q

Define Voluntary Consent

A

Getting people to agree to be subjects in research rather than forcing them against their will

119
Q

Define Informed Consent

A

Informing people of the risks involved prior to asking them to consent to participate in research

STLCC Psychology 100 Anis McLin-Morris (7 decks)

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