Unit 6 - Learning, Memory and Thinking Flashcards
Is the tendency of the stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response
Generalization
Is a kind of covert behavior and it is an internal process. May be regarded as a sequence of symbolic processes to implicitly manipulate ideas or objects that are physically absent to the senses.
Thinking
The extent to which original and previous learned information still persists. It is used to store and retrieve this information.
Memory
Refers to the tendency of a stimulus, which is similar to the one used in training to elicit the same response.
Stimulus Generalization
The responses made by an individual are reinforced only part of the time.
Partial Reinforcement
Is the simplest kind of learning.
Habituation
Refers to the inability to recall a particular piece of information accurately. It means failure to retain what was previously learned. It is the extent with which learned information is lost.
Forgetting
Two types of interference theory
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
A process that we cannot observe
Cognitive Learning
Remembering the behavior either through mental images or language
Retention
Being encouraged and motivated to adopt the behavior.
Reinforcement
Is a partial recovery in the strength of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest interval.
Spontaneous Recovery
Is a type of memory for rules and concept.
Semantic
Refers to an event which may enhance or maintain the strength of a response
Reinforcement
Defined as a complex process which brings about an enduring change in behavior as a result of practice
learning
He is the most prominent social learning theorist who has engaged in many experiments involving learning by observing which otherwise known as vicarious learning or modeling, because a model is being imitated.
Albert Bandura
What are the four (4) steps in the process of modeling
- Attention
- Retention
- Motoric Reproduction
- Reinforcement
Kinds of learning
- Habituation
- Associative Learning
- Social Learning
- Skill Learning
- Verbal Learning
- Cognitive Learning
This is also called skill memory because it involves how to do things
Procedural
The learner is allowed to discover how his behavioral response affects the environment and vice-versa.
Operant or Instrumental Conditioning
This is due to the distortion of learned information in the long-term memory.
Storage-Based Forgetting
Is the opposite of generalization. It is the process of responding to the variation or differences between stimuli.
Discrimination
The next level of learning wherein we form new association between a stimulus and a response (s – r theory).
Associative Learning
The phase of classical conditioning whereby the stimulus association is learned.
Acquisition
Three (3) types of memory
- Episondic
- Semantic
- Procedural
Five (5) theory of forgetting
- Interference Theory
- Decay Theory
- Retrieval-Based Theory
- Storage-Based
Forgetting - Motivated Forgetting
Simply refers to reviewing previous learning, the easiest method.
Relearning
Holds that the cause of forgetting is because of conflict among information learned earlier of later
Interference Theory
Involves the transfer of response from one stimulus to another stimulus through repeated pairings.
Classical Conditioning
What are the three (3) kinds of verbal learning?
- Serial-anticipation
learning - Free recall learning
- Paired-associate
learning
Suggests that lapse of time is the reason for forgetting
Decay Theory
Denotes the ability to identify learned items that are familiar.
Recognition
What are the three (3) stages in learning a skill?
- Cognition
- Fixation
- Automation
Is one where you engage in thinking just for pleasure of it like in the case of daydreaming and wishful thinking.
Autistic Thinking
What are the seven (7) parameters of classical conditioning?
- Acquisition
- Reinforcement
- Extinction
- Spontaneous Recovery
- Generalization
- Discrimination
- Higher-Order
Conditioning
This are memorable events in your life.
Episodic
Converting the recalled observation into action
Motoric Reproduction
This is a form of cue-dependent forgetting. The memory trace is present but one just cannot bring out the information.
Retrieval-Based Theory
Involves the recollection of past learning/experience with the presence of cues
Reintegration
Three (3) stages of memory
- Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
Refers to a series of responses wherein each response leads to the next response.
Shaping
The process of reproducing past learning/experience without any clue.
Recall
Two (2) kinds of thinking
- Realistic Thinking
- Autistic Thinking
Is one where you direct your thinking towards problem solving and decision-making.
Realistic Thinking
The response made in one stimulus is not made possible to the others.
Discrimination Learning
It involves the use of words either as stimuli or response. Some forms of linguistic abilities such as speaking, reading writing and reciting are involved in verbal learning
Verbal Learning
Four (4) methods to measure memory or remembering
- Recall
- Recognition
- Reintegration
- Relearning
Who discovered the classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Refers to the proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance. Some forms of skills are verbal, reading and writing.
Skill Learning
May take the form of suppression, a purposeful or voluntary process of blocking the information learned. This is also called conscious forgetting
Motivated Forgetting
These reinforcers are learned, they refer to a stimulus that has gained a reinforcing property by having been paired with a primary reinforcer
Secondary Learning
A progressive weakening of an instrumental learning due to the withdrawal of reinforcement.
Extinction
What are the six (6) phenomena of interest in operant conditioning?
- Shaping
- Extinction
- Stimulus Generalization
- Discrimination Learning
- Partial Reinforcement
- Secondary
Reinforcement
Sensing and perceiving the important aspects of the behavior to be imitated.
Attention
Who experimented the operant or instrumental conditioning?
B.F Skinner
Aids the individual to become flexible with his responses to the environment.
Higher-order Conditioning
Four (4) basic steps of how our memory usually works
- Perception
- Encoding/acquisition
- Storage
- Retrieval
Refers to a decrease in the strength of a conditioned response resulting from repeatedly eliciting the response in the absence of the reinforcement.
Extinction
