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A Level Bio Edexcel > Unit 6: Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 6: Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A
  • droplets when coughing or sneezing
  • direct contact with animal droppings
  • direct contact with virus filled mucus or any surface contaminated with virus
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2
Q

How does influenza infect the body?

A
  • virus infects the ciliates epithelial cells in the lungs
  • viral RNA takes over the biochemistry of the cell
  • cell produces new virus particles
  • the cell bursts by lysis releasing the viruses
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3
Q

Symptoms of influenza

A
  • runny nose
  • sore throat
  • headache
  • coughing/difficulty breathing
  • joints hurt
  • fever
  • vomiting
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4
Q

Treatment for antibiotics

A

Bed rest

Vaccinations are difficult because the virus changes genetically

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5
Q

How is stem rust fungus transmitted?

A
  • wind carried spores from infected plants

- infected plant fragments in soil

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6
Q

Mode of infection behind the stem rust fungus

A
  • spores germinate in water on plant leaf
  • hyphae grows from spore entering the plant via stomata
  • the fungus secretes cellulase to digest the plant cells and absorb the nutrients
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7
Q

Symptoms of stem rust fungus

A
  • stem is weakened due to the digestion of cell walls

- red pustules/blisters burst through leaf so plant loses control of water loss

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8
Q

What type of bacteria is staphylococcal

A

Gram positive

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9
Q

How does staphylococcal infect and harm the body?

A
  • enters via cuts in the skin
  • releasing exotoxins forming pores in host cell membrane
  • releases superantigens stimulating a massive immune response causing toxic shock
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10
Q

What kind of bacteria is salmonella?

A

Gram negative

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11
Q

How does salmonella infect and harm the body?

A
  • through uncooked pork and poultry
  • bacteria colonises in lumen of small intestine, they release endotoxins when dead stimulating an inflammatory response in epithelial cells which reduces water absorption causing wet poos
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12
Q

What kingdom does malaria belong?

A

Protoctist

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13
Q

Describe the transmission of Malaria

A
  • malaria uses Anophele mosquitos as a vector to transmit infection
  • female mosquitos suck up the blood of an infected human and pass the disease onto the next person
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14
Q

What is the mode of infection behind malaria? And how does it cause Anaemia

A
  • plasmodium is carried to liver via hosts blood stream
  • plasmodium is released from the liver into the blood where it invades the red blood cells
  • the parasite reproduces asexually in the red blood cell, bursting out to infect other red blood cells
  • the lack of red blood cells causes anaemia and death
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15
Q

Symptoms and effect of malaria:

A
  • flu symptoms, fever, sweating, vomiting etc
  • liver damage
  • anaemia
  • red blood cells are burst every 3 days in the cycle
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16
Q

What is the treatment for malaria?

A

Anti malaria drugs

17
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

Always present within a population

18
Q

Why is it difficult to control an endemic disease??

A
  • the disease is widespread
  • difficult to remove all sources of infection, particularly where there are 2 hosts
  • large numbers of people are involved
  • expensive to provide treatment
19
Q

How is malaria combated?

A
  • preventing mosquito bites
    Mosquito nets, insect repellents, clothing
  • controlling mosquito numbers
    Introduce drainage systems to reduce stagnant water, biological control by predators or releasing infertile males, pesticides, water treatment to kill larvae
20
Q

What ethical implications are there to control methods of disease

A
  • reservations about getting vaccinated
  • getting consent can be difficult in countries where medical understanding is poor
  • using insecticides will effect the food web
  • money being spent on vaccines could go into education/aid
21
Q

What social implications are there to control methods of disease

A
  • people may need to change customs, eg sleeping under mosquito nets is not customary
  • vaccines need to become acceptable
  • social changes to reduce infection are hard to bring about
22
Q

What economic implications to control methods of disease are there?

A
  • treatment, control and prevention of an endemic is expensive
  • many countries effected are too poor to afford it
  • malnutrition may be more of a threat
23
Q

What is the role of the scientific community in the war against malaria?

A
  • to help derive new treatments
  • to evaluate success rate of existing treatments
  • advising governments and hospitals on best treatment
  • providing training for local health workers

A Level Bio Edexcel (51 decks)

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