Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Bio Edexcel > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis, links reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidation phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Equation for respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water (exothermic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structure of ATP?

A

Adenine base, 3 phosphate molecules bonded in a row to the pentose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ATP used for?? 3 categories

A

Muscle contraction
Active transport
Biosynthesis (building molecules like proteins synthesis, DNA replication )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are ATPase enzymes used for??

A

Used to catalyse the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP+Pi and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions on going in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

An intermediate in metabolic pathways eg pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Structure of mitochondria:

A

Double membrane
Stalked particles (ATP synthase) on cristae
folded projections of inner membrane/ Cristae
Matrix
Porins (protein channels in the outer membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are porins and stalked particles?

A

Porins are protein channels in outer membrane of mitochondria that let most small molecules in
Stalked particles are enzyme complexes of ATP synthase on the cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Benefit of compartmentation in respiration?

A

It keeps metabolites (products and reactants of each stage) separate as each stage occurs at a different location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain occur in anaerobic conditions?

A

Glycolysis is anaerobic

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are aerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does glucose enter the cell and where from?

A

Facilitated diffusion through a specific carrier protein from the tissue fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does insulin effect regulate the amount of glucose that enters a cell

A

The hormone controls the specific glucose carrier proteins in the membrane of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Summary of glycolysis

A

Glucose -> phosphorylated glucose-> GALP (3C)->GP (3C, acid)->Pyruvate (3C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phosphorylation of glucose, how and why?

A

Adding a phosphate group to glucose

1) removes pure glucose, increasing the conc gradient, so pure glucose wants to diffuse into the cell from tissue fluid
2) activates the glucose for biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is GALP formed?

A

Glucose +ATP -> phosphorylated glucose
PG + ATP-> 2GALP
Therefore Glucose + 2ATP -> 2GALP (3C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when GALP is oxidised?

A

Forms GP (glycerate 3 phosphate) an acid
This releases energy to form ATP and a H+ ion
The hydrogen is taken and carried to the electron transport chain by coenzyme NAD which gets reduced in the process (NADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to GP?

A

GP is simply converted into Pyruvate (3C)

ATP is made

20
Q

What is the reverse of glycolysis?

A

Gluconeogenesis (turning pyruvate into glucose)

21
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

A

Converted into lactate or ethanol

22
Q

The link reaction links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle, but what happens in this stage?

A

Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix and is converted into Acetyl CoA

23
Q

Describe the change of pyruvate in the links reaction, and what happens to the products

A

Pyruvate loses CO2 and H+
Forming an acetyl compound (2C) which binds to a coenzymeA forming acetyl coA
- CO2 diffuses by lipid diffusion into the tissue fluid and then blood -> out the lungs
- H+ is taken up by NAD becoming reduced

24
Q

Summary of Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl coA binds with a 4C compound which is then broken down to reform the 4C compound releasing ATP, H+ and CO2

25
Q

What is the name of the 4 carbon compound that binds with acetyl coA and what does it form?

A

Oxaloacetate

Forming citrate

26
Q

What happens to the H+ made in the Krebs cycle

A

Taken up by FAD or NAD to the electron transport chain

27
Q

How many integral proteins consist of the electron transport chain?

A

5

4- protein carriers and ATP synthase

28
Q

Why is oxygen needed in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor which also binds to Hydrogen to form water

29
Q

Describe how the proton gradient is made in the electron transport chain:

A
  • FADH and NADH bind to integral proteins releasing their H+ and electrons (becoming oxidised)
  • Electrons pass along the chain of integral proteins in the inner membrane, exciting the proteins to move the Protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane by active transport forming a proton gradient
30
Q

What is the purpose of FADH or NADH?

A

To shuttle H+ and electrons back and forth from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

31
Q

How is ATP made from the proton gradient in electron transport chain?

A

As 4 protons travel down the conc. gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme channel across the inner mitochondrial membrane they spin the globular head which generates 1 ATP

32
Q

Why is the synthesis of ATP called oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Because in the ETC oxygen (the final electron acceptor) is used to phosphorylated (add a phosphate group) to ADP

33
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Storing energy by creating a proton gradient across a membrane

34
Q

Summary of oxidative phosphorylation:

A

1) NADH oxidised releasing H+ and e- returning to Krebs cycle
2) electron passes along the chain of proteins exciting them
3) Oxygen combines with hydrogen and the electron to form water
4) the energy of the electron is stored as a proton gradient and then used to make ATP

35
Q

Why is Oxygen needed for respiration to work?

A

Oxygen accepts electrons and H+ to form water

  • without oxygen electrons don’t leave the ETC so no NADH can unload any H+
  • so there’s no NAD at Krebs cycle as bottle neck of NADH at ETC
  • Without coenzymes NAD the enzymes in Krebs cycle and glycolysis don’t work
36
Q

How many ATPs does anaerobic respiration make?

A

2

37
Q

What co enzyme is needed for glycolysis?

A

NAD

38
Q

How is reducing pyruvate into lactate an advantage?

A

This oxidises NADH and therefore regenerates NAD so more glycolysis can occur generating 2 ATP

39
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration in animals and bacteria?

A

Pyruvate is reduced into lactic acids

NAD is regenerated to be reused in glycolysis

40
Q

How does anaerobic respiration lead to cramp?

A

Produces lactic acid which lower pH in muscle slowing down enzymes causing cramp and fatigue

41
Q

What are the differences between anaerobic respiration in plants and humans?

A

Plant: produces ethanol and CO2, irreversible reaction
Human: produces lactate, reversible (can be oxidised back in pyruvate)

42
Q

Similarities between anaerobic respiration in plants and animals

A

Reduction of pyruvate oxidises NADH into NAD to repeat glycolysis

43
Q

Explanation of anaerobic respiration in plants from pyruvate:

A

Pyruvate is reduced into ethanol and CO2

This oxidises NADH regenerating NAD for glycolysis

44
Q

Another name for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Fermentation

45
Q

How many ATP are made in complete respiration

A

32

46
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

When ATP molecules are made directly by enzymes in glycolysis or Krebs cycle

A Level Bio Edexcel (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions