Unit 6: Developmental

Question 1

zygote

Answer 1

a fertilized egg; enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Question 2

embryo

Answer 2

the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilized to the second month after

Question 3

fetus

Answer 3

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 4

teratogens

Answer 4

agents that reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 5

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 5

physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by the prengnant’s heavy drinking; often will cause skull abnormalities

Question 6

maturation

Answer 6

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experiences

Question 7

schema

Answer 7

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 8

assimilation

Answer 8

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Question 9

accommodation

Answer 9

adopting our current schemas to incorporate new information

Question 10

object permanence

Answer 10

the awareness that objects exist when not perceived

Question 11

sensorimotor stage of development

Answer 11

the developmental stage where infants know the world through sensory impressions and motor skills; birth-2 years of age

Question 12

preoperational stage of development

Answer 12

the developmental stage where a child learns language but doesn’t understand mental operations of concrete logic; 2-6/7 years of age

Question 13

concrete operational stage of development

Answer 13

the developmental stage where children gain the mental ability to think logically about concrete evidence; 6/7-11 years of age

Question 14

formal operational stage of development

Answer 14

the developmental stage where people begin to logically think about abstract concepts; ~12 years of age-death

Question 15

egocentrisim

Answer 15

difficulty taking another’s point of view, physically

Question 16

imprinting

Answer 16

an evolutionary response for animals to from attachments

Question 17

secure attachment style

Answer 17

the healthiest attachment type where there is healthy communication and the child is able to ask for help along with self-regulate emotions

Question 18

anxious attachment style (aka ambivalent attachment style)

Answer 18

the attachment type signaled by clingyness of the child for fear of abandonment and the need for constant reassurance

Question 19

avoidant attachment style

Answer 19

the attachment type where the child has difficulty expressing emotions and tends to be emotionally withdrawn and an unwillingness to ask for help

Question 20

disorganized attachment style

Answer 20

the attachment type with characteristics of avoidant and anxious, where there is a fear of rejection and difficulty with intimacy along with low self-worth and a tendency to be manipulative as they grow older; often caused by hardships at home or little constancy in life

Question 21

John Bowlby

Answer 21

studied orphans and came up with the maternal deprivation theory

Question 22

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 22

studied children’s attachments with their parents and came up with the 4 attachment styles

Question 23

Diana Baumrind

Answer 23

identified the 4 parenting styles

Question 24

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 24

a style of parenting with a focus on obedience, punishment, and discipline of the child

Question 25

authoritative parenting style

Answer 25

a style of parenting that creates positive relation ships with rules that can be changed by child; healthiest form of parenting

Question 26

permissive parenting style

Answer 26

a style of parenting that doesn’t reference rules and instead focuses on letting the child do what they want

Question 27

uninvolved parenting style

Answer 27

a style of parenting where the parent is physically present in a child’s life but provides no emotional attachment to the child

Question 28

John Piaget

Answer 28

discovered the 4 stages of development; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 29

stranger anxiety

Answer 29

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at around 8 months

Question 30

attachmentq

Answer 30

an emotional tie

Question 31

critical period

Answer 31

an optimal period early in an organism’s life when exposed to certain stimuli or experiences that produce normal development

Question 32

temperament

Answer 32

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 33

basic trust

Answer 33

according to Erik Erickson: “a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy”; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences

Question 34

self-concept

Answer 34

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “who am I?”

Question 35

Benjamin Whorf

Answer 35

identified the linguistic determinism (aka linguistic relativity hypothesis)

Question 36

adolecences

Answer 36

the transition period from childhood to adulthood; extending from puberty to independence

Question 37

preconventional morality

Answer 37

self interest; obey the rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards; birth - ~9 years old

Question 38

conventional morality

Answer 38

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order; early adolescences

Question 39

postconventional morality

Answer 39

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles; adolescences-death

Question 40

identity

Answer 40

our sense of self

Question 41

social identity

Answer 41

the ‘we’ aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” that comes from group memberships

Question 42

intimacy

Answer 42

the ability to form close, loving relationships

Question 43

puberty

Answer 43

the period of sexual maturation

Question 44

primary sex characteristics

Answer 44

the body structures that are need for reproduction

Question 45

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 45

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as hips widening, voices deepening, and development of body hair

Question 46

menarche

Answer 46

the first menstrual period

Question 47

spermarche

Answer 47

the first ejaculation

Question 48

menopause

Answer 48

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also can refer to biological changes that occur around the same time

Question 49

cross-sectional study

Answer 49

a study in which people of different ages are compared to one another

Question 50

longitudinal study

Answer 50

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Question 51

social clock

Answer 51

the culturally appropriate timing of social events such as marriage, parenting, and retirement

Question 52

James Marchia

Answer 52

identified the 4 identity statuses

Question 53

foreclosure identity status

Answer 53

adolescence blindly accepts the identity and values that were given in childhood by families

Question 54

identity-diffusion identity status

Answer 54

the state of having no clear idea of one’s identity and makes no attempt to find it

Question 55

moratorium identity status

Answer 55

beginning to commit to an identity but still developing it; actively searching for and identity