Unit 6: Developmental Flashcards
zygote
a fertilized egg; enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
embryo
the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilized to the second month after
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
teratogens
agents that reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by the prengnant’s heavy drinking; often will cause skull abnormalities
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experiences
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation
adopting our current schemas to incorporate new information
object permanence
the awareness that objects exist when not perceived
sensorimotor stage of development
the developmental stage where infants know the world through sensory impressions and motor skills; birth-2 years of age
preoperational stage of development
the developmental stage where a child learns language but doesn’t understand mental operations of concrete logic; 2-6/7 years of age
concrete operational stage of development
the developmental stage where children gain the mental ability to think logically about concrete evidence; 6/7-11 years of age
formal operational stage of development
the developmental stage where people begin to logically think about abstract concepts; ~12 years of age-death
egocentrisim
difficulty taking another’s point of view, physically
imprinting
an evolutionary response for animals to from attachments
secure attachment style
the healthiest attachment type where there is healthy communication and the child is able to ask for help along with self-regulate emotions
anxious attachment style (aka ambivalent attachment style)
the attachment type signaled by clingyness of the child for fear of abandonment and the need for constant reassurance
avoidant attachment style
the attachment type where the child has difficulty expressing emotions and tends to be emotionally withdrawn and an unwillingness to ask for help
disorganized attachment style
the attachment type with characteristics of avoidant and anxious, where there is a fear of rejection and difficulty with intimacy along with low self-worth and a tendency to be manipulative as they grow older; often caused by hardships at home or little constancy in life
John Bowlby
studied orphans and came up with the maternal deprivation theory
Mary Ainsworth
studied children’s attachments with their parents and came up with the 4 attachment styles
Diana Baumrind
identified the 4 parenting styles
authoritarian parenting style
a style of parenting with a focus on obedience, punishment, and discipline of the child
authoritative parenting style
a style of parenting that creates positive relation ships with rules that can be changed by child; healthiest form of parenting
permissive parenting style
a style of parenting that doesn’t reference rules and instead focuses on letting the child do what they want
uninvolved parenting style
a style of parenting where the parent is physically present in a child’s life but provides no emotional attachment to the child
John Piaget
discovered the 4 stages of development; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at around 8 months
attachmentq
an emotional tie
critical period
an optimal period early in an organism’s life when exposed to certain stimuli or experiences that produce normal development
temperament
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
basic trust
according to Erik Erickson: “a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy”; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “who am I?”
Benjamin Whorf
identified the linguistic determinism (aka linguistic relativity hypothesis)
adolecences
the transition period from childhood to adulthood; extending from puberty to independence
preconventional morality
self interest; obey the rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards; birth - ~9 years old
conventional morality
uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order; early adolescences
postconventional morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles; adolescences-death
identity
our sense of self
social identity
the ‘we’ aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” that comes from group memberships
intimacy
the ability to form close, loving relationships
puberty
the period of sexual maturation
primary sex characteristics
the body structures that are need for reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual traits, such as hips widening, voices deepening, and development of body hair
menarche
the first menstrual period
spermarche
the first ejaculation
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also can refer to biological changes that occur around the same time
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared to one another
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
social clock
the culturally appropriate timing of social events such as marriage, parenting, and retirement
James Marchia
identified the 4 identity statuses
foreclosure identity status
adolescence blindly accepts the identity and values that were given in childhood by families
identity-diffusion identity status
the state of having no clear idea of one’s identity and makes no attempt to find it
moratorium identity status
beginning to commit to an identity but still developing it; actively searching for and identity
