Unit 5: Cognition Flashcards
learning
the process of acquiring new and relativity enduring information/behaviors
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
classical conditioning
a type of leaning which one learns to link 2+ stimuli and anticipate events
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
neutral stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
acquisition
in initial stage, where one links a NS and an US so that the NS begins triggering the CS/strengthening of a reinforced response
high-order conditioning
a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experiment is paired with a new NS, creating a second CS
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinct CR
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli (to the CS) to elicit a similar response
discrimination
the learned behavior to distinguish between a CS and a stimuli that do no signal a US
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
respondent behaviour
behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli
operant conditioning
a type of learning which behaviours are strengthened or punished, depending on what follows said behaviour
operant behaviour
a behaviour that operates on the environment, producing consequences
law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviours followed by favorable consequences become more likely to occur, and behaviours followed by unfavorable consequences do not
operant chamber
a chamber containing a box, lever, or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer
shaping
a procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
reinforcer
a stimulus or circumstance that produces reinforcement when it occurs in a dependent relationship, or contingency, with a response