Unit 4: Motivation Emotion Flashcards
motivation
a need/desire that energizes and directs behaviour
instinct
complex, unlearned behaviour hat is rigidly patterned throughout a species
drive-reduction theory of motivation
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balance
incentive
a positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
glucose
a fore of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides a major source of energy for body tissues
set point
a set point where an individual’s “weight thermostat” is set
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being 15%+ underweight
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which one consumes high quantities of food and then purges/fast in periods
binge-eating disorder
an eating disorder in which one consumes high quantities of food with no stop, normally comes with low self-esteem/disgust of self
sexual-response cycle
the 4 stages of sex described by Masters and Johnson
1) excitement 2) plateau
3) orgasm 4) resolution
refractory period
the resting period after an orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
estrogen
the female sex hormone
testosterone
the male sex hormone
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction
emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving
1) physiological arousal 2) expressed behaviors
3) conscious experience
James-Lange- theory of emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our own physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers
1) physiological response 2) the subjective experience of emotion
two-factor theory (Schachter-Singer theory)
the theory that to experience an emotion, on must
1) be physically aroused 2) be able to cognitively label the arousal
polygraph
a machine that measures several physiological responses accompanying emotion
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
catharsis
the ‘releasing’ of energy relives aggressive urges
feel-good do-good phenomenon
peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
well-being
presence of positive emotions and moods, the absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive functioning
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by previous experiences
relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off relative to those we compare ourselves with
behavioural medicine
the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness
healthy psychology
a subfield of psychology that provide psychology’s contributions to behavioral medicine
stress
physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses to events deemed as threatening/challenging
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in
1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
type A personality
Friedman and Rosemen’s term for competitive, hard-driven, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
type B personality
Friedman and Rosemen’s term for easy-going, relaxed people
approach - approach social conflict
deciding between 2+ positive things
avoidance - avoidance social conflict
deciding between 2+ negative things
approach - avoidance social conflict
deciding based on the pros and cons of 2 things
multiple approach - avoidance social conflict
deciding based of the pros and cons of 3+ things
insulin (hormone)
secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose levels
ghrelin (hormone)
secreted by empty stomach; sends ‘I’m Hungry’ message to the brain
orexin (hormone)
secreted by the hypothalamus; hunger triggering
leptin (hormone)
protein hormone secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger when in abundance
pancreatic peptide YY aka PYY (hormone)
secreted by digestive track; sends “I’m not Hungry’ to the brain
instinct/evolution theory of motivation
proposed by Charles Darwin; states that individuals best adapted to the environment are most likely to survive and therefore reproduce
optimum arousal theory of motivation
we are motivated by the epinephrine rush; Yerkes-Dodsen law states that we need moderate arousal for the best outcome of events
avoidance motivation theory of motivation
states that we are driven by the desire to avoid distressing problems and undesirable outcomes
achievement motivation theory of motivation
we are driven by a need to meet an internalized standard of excellence; usually the cause of burnout
affiliation theory of motivation
we are driven by a need to be with/connect with others
incentive theories of motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic theory of motivation
we are driven by an internal want, such as ‘I want to win!’
extrinsic theory of motivation
we are driven by an external want, such as “I want the prize!’
overjustification effect
when given an award for something that is usually and intrinsic motivator, it often diminished the intrinsic drive
Zajonc/LeDroux theory of emotion
some embodied responses happen instinctively, without conscious appraisal
Lazarus theory of emotion
cognitive appraisal, sometimes without our awareness, defines emotions
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or joy
tend and befriend response
under stress, people, especially women, often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
psychophysiological illness
any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches
psychoneuro immunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
lymphocytes
2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
b lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and releases antibodies that fight bacterial infection
t lymphocytes
formed in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue; attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
distress
stressors deemed as a threat (bad stress)
eustress
stressors deemed as a challenge (good stress)
maladaptive coping
coping mechanisms that fail to remove stressors; a temporary fix
adaptive coping
coping mechanisms that remove stressors and/or aid to better tolerate stressors
