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AP Psychology > Unit 4: Motivation Emotion > Flashcards

Unit 4: Motivation Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need/desire that energizes and directs behaviour

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2
Q

instinct

A

complex, unlearned behaviour hat is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory of motivation

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balance

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5
Q

incentive

A

a positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

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6
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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7
Q

glucose

A

a fore of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides a major source of energy for body tissues

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8
Q

set point

A

a set point where an individual’s “weight thermostat” is set

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9
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

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10
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being 15%+ underweight

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11
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which one consumes high quantities of food and then purges/fast in periods

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12
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

an eating disorder in which one consumes high quantities of food with no stop, normally comes with low self-esteem/disgust of self

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13
Q

sexual-response cycle

A

the 4 stages of sex described by Masters and Johnson
1) excitement 2) plateau
3) orgasm 4) resolution

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14
Q

refractory period

A

the resting period after an orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

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15
Q

estrogen

A

the female sex hormone

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16
Q

testosterone

A

the male sex hormone

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17
Q

sexual orientation

A

an enduring sexual attraction

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18
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism, involving
1) physiological arousal 2) expressed behaviors
3) conscious experience

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19
Q

James-Lange- theory of emotion

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our own physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli

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20
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers
1) physiological response 2) the subjective experience of emotion

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21
Q

two-factor theory (Schachter-Singer theory)

A

the theory that to experience an emotion, on must
1) be physically aroused 2) be able to cognitively label the arousal

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22
Q

polygraph

A

a machine that measures several physiological responses accompanying emotion

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23
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

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24
Q

catharsis

A

the ‘releasing’ of energy relives aggressive urges

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25
feel-good do-good phenomenon
peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
26
well-being
presence of positive emotions and moods, the absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive functioning
27
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by previous experiences
28
relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off relative to those we compare ourselves with
29
behavioural medicine
the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness
30
healthy psychology
a subfield of psychology that provide psychology's contributions to behavioral medicine
31
stress
physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses to events deemed as threatening/challenging
32
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in 1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion
33
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
34
type A personality
Friedman and Rosemen's term for competitive, hard-driven, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
35
type B personality
Friedman and Rosemen's term for easy-going, relaxed people
36
approach - approach social conflict
deciding between 2+ positive things
37
avoidance - avoidance social conflict
deciding between 2+ negative things
38
approach - avoidance social conflict
deciding based on the pros and cons of 2 things
39
multiple approach - avoidance social conflict
deciding based of the pros and cons of 3+ things
40
insulin (hormone)
secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose levels
41
ghrelin (hormone)
secreted by empty stomach; sends 'I'm Hungry' message to the brain
42
orexin (hormone)
secreted by the hypothalamus; hunger triggering
43
leptin (hormone)
protein hormone secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger when in abundance
44
pancreatic peptide YY aka PYY (hormone)
secreted by digestive track; sends "I'm not Hungry' to the brain
45
instinct/evolution theory of motivation
proposed by Charles Darwin; states that individuals best adapted to the environment are most likely to survive and therefore reproduce
46
optimum arousal theory of motivation
we are motivated by the epinephrine rush; Yerkes-Dodsen law states that we need moderate arousal for the best outcome of events
47
avoidance motivation theory of motivation
states that we are driven by the desire to avoid distressing problems and undesirable outcomes
48
achievement motivation theory of motivation
we are driven by a need to meet an internalized standard of excellence; usually the cause of burnout
49
affiliation theory of motivation
we are driven by a need to be with/connect with others
50
incentive theories of motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic
51
intrinsic theory of motivation
we are driven by an internal want, such as 'I want to win!'
52
extrinsic theory of motivation
we are driven by an external want, such as "I want the prize!'
53
overjustification effect
when given an award for something that is usually and intrinsic motivator, it often diminished the intrinsic drive
54
Zajonc/LeDroux theory of emotion
some embodied responses happen instinctively, without conscious appraisal
55
Lazarus theory of emotion
cognitive appraisal, sometimes without our awareness, defines emotions
56
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or joy
57
tend and befriend response
under stress, people, especially women, often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
58
psychophysiological illness
any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches
59
psychoneuro immunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
60
lymphocytes
2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system
61
b lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and releases antibodies that fight bacterial infection
62
t lymphocytes
formed in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue; attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
63
distress
stressors deemed as a threat (bad stress)
64
eustress
stressors deemed as a challenge (good stress)
65
maladaptive coping
coping mechanisms that fail to remove stressors; a temporary fix
66
adaptive coping
coping mechanisms that remove stressors and/or aid to better tolerate stressors

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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