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AP Psychology > Unit 4: Motivation Emotion > Flashcards

Unit 4: Motivation Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need/desire that energizes and directs behaviour

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2
Q

instinct

A

complex, unlearned behaviour hat is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory of motivation

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balance

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5
Q

incentive

A

a positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

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6
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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7
Q

glucose

A

a fore of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides a major source of energy for body tissues

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8
Q

set point

A

a set point where an individual’s “weight thermostat” is set

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9
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

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10
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being 15%+ underweight

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11
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which one consumes high quantities of food and then purges/fast in periods

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12
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

an eating disorder in which one consumes high quantities of food with no stop, normally comes with low self-esteem/disgust of self

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13
Q

sexual-response cycle

A

the 4 stages of sex described by Masters and Johnson
1) excitement 2) plateau
3) orgasm 4) resolution

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14
Q

refractory period

A

the resting period after an orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

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15
Q

estrogen

A

the female sex hormone

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16
Q

testosterone

A

the male sex hormone

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17
Q

sexual orientation

A

an enduring sexual attraction

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18
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism, involving
1) physiological arousal 2) expressed behaviors
3) conscious experience

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19
Q

James-Lange- theory of emotion

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our own physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli

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20
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers
1) physiological response 2) the subjective experience of emotion

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21
Q

two-factor theory (Schachter-Singer theory)

A

the theory that to experience an emotion, on must
1) be physically aroused 2) be able to cognitively label the arousal

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22
Q

polygraph

A

a machine that measures several physiological responses accompanying emotion

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23
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

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24
Q

catharsis

A

the ‘releasing’ of energy relives aggressive urges

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25
Q

feel-good do-good phenomenon

A

peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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26
Q

well-being

A

presence of positive emotions and moods, the absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive functioning

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27
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by previous experiences

28
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that we are worse off relative to those we compare ourselves with

29
Q

behavioural medicine

A

the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness

30
Q

healthy psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provide psychology’s contributions to behavioral medicine

31
Q

stress

A

physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses to events deemed as threatening/challenging

32
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in
1) alarm 2) resistance 3) exhaustion

33
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

34
Q

type A personality

A

Friedman and Rosemen’s term for competitive, hard-driven, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people

35
Q

type B personality

A

Friedman and Rosemen’s term for easy-going, relaxed people

36
Q

approach - approach social conflict

A

deciding between 2+ positive things

37
Q

avoidance - avoidance social conflict

A

deciding between 2+ negative things

38
Q

approach - avoidance social conflict

A

deciding based on the pros and cons of 2 things

39
Q

multiple approach - avoidance social conflict

A

deciding based of the pros and cons of 3+ things

40
Q

insulin (hormone)

A

secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose levels

41
Q

ghrelin (hormone)

A

secreted by empty stomach; sends ‘I’m Hungry’ message to the brain

42
Q

orexin (hormone)

A

secreted by the hypothalamus; hunger triggering

43
Q

leptin (hormone)

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger when in abundance

44
Q

pancreatic peptide YY aka PYY (hormone)

A

secreted by digestive track; sends “I’m not Hungry’ to the brain

45
Q

instinct/evolution theory of motivation

A

proposed by Charles Darwin; states that individuals best adapted to the environment are most likely to survive and therefore reproduce

46
Q

optimum arousal theory of motivation

A

we are motivated by the epinephrine rush; Yerkes-Dodsen law states that we need moderate arousal for the best outcome of events

47
Q

avoidance motivation theory of motivation

A

states that we are driven by the desire to avoid distressing problems and undesirable outcomes

48
Q

achievement motivation theory of motivation

A

we are driven by a need to meet an internalized standard of excellence; usually the cause of burnout

49
Q

affiliation theory of motivation

A

we are driven by a need to be with/connect with others

50
Q

incentive theories of motivation

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

51
Q

intrinsic theory of motivation

A

we are driven by an internal want, such as ‘I want to win!’

52
Q

extrinsic theory of motivation

A

we are driven by an external want, such as “I want the prize!’

53
Q

overjustification effect

A

when given an award for something that is usually and intrinsic motivator, it often diminished the intrinsic drive

54
Q

Zajonc/LeDroux theory of emotion

A

some embodied responses happen instinctively, without conscious appraisal

55
Q

Lazarus theory of emotion

A

cognitive appraisal, sometimes without our awareness, defines emotions

56
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings, such as fear, anger, or joy

57
Q

tend and befriend response

A

under stress, people, especially women, often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

58
Q

psychophysiological illness

A

any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches

59
Q

psychoneuro immunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

60
Q

lymphocytes

A

2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

61
Q

b lymphocytes

A

form in the bone marrow and releases antibodies that fight bacterial infection

62
Q

t lymphocytes

A

formed in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue; attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

63
Q

distress

A

stressors deemed as a threat (bad stress)

64
Q

eustress

A

stressors deemed as a challenge (good stress)

65
Q

maladaptive coping

A

coping mechanisms that fail to remove stressors; a temporary fix

66
Q

adaptive coping

A

coping mechanisms that remove stressors and/or aid to better tolerate stressors

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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