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AP Psychology > Unit 1: History, Approaches, and Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 1: History, Approaches, and Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

biological approach of psychology (biopsychology)

A

all feelings and behaviours have an organic root that comes from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc ; physical

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2
Q

behavioral approach of psychology

A

human behaviour is determined by what a person has learned; focus on observable behaviours

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3
Q

behavioural approach key thinkers

A

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura

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4
Q

cognitive approach of psychology

A

behaviour is explained by the way people acquire, stores, and process information

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5
Q

cognitive approach key thinkers

A

jean Piaget, Noam Chompsky

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6
Q

humanistic approach of psychology

A

humans are inherently good and will make decisions to stay that way or approve (self-actualization)

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7
Q

humanistic approach key thinkers

A

Carl Rodgers, Abraham Maslov

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8
Q

psychoanalytical approach of psychology

A

analyzes the role of the unconscious in determining a human’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours; the idea that we repress our true feelings and are not aware of them

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9
Q

psychoanalytical approach key thinkers

A

Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung

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10
Q

sociocultural approach of psychology

A

environment and culture play a main role in human behaviour; essential behavioural approach on a mass scale

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11
Q

evolutionary approach of psychology

A

Darwinism/survival of the fittest; we behave the way we do bc we inherited those behaviours from ancestors

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12
Q

introspection approach of psychology

A

“looking into oneself” by exploring the senses

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13
Q

introspection approach key thinkers

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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14
Q

father of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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15
Q

structuralism approach of psychology

A

used introspection approach to explore the thoughts and opinions of self-reflection

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16
Q

structuralism approach key thinkers

A

Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchner

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17
Q

father of american psychology

A

William James

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18
Q

functionalism approach of psychology

A

explored how mental and behavioural processes function and how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish; expansion of structuralism with a focus of adaptation

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19
Q

functionalism approach key thinkers

A

William James

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20
Q

gestalt approach of psychology

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; rejected the basic principles of structuralism and instead viewed perception as a whole, focusing on the big picture

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21
Q

introspection approach of psychology timeline

A

1879-1879

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22
Q

structuralism approach of psychology timeline

A

1880s-1920s

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23
Q

functionalism approach of psychology timeline

A

1890s-1920s

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24
Q

gestalt approach of psychology timeline

A

1910s- present

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25
psychoanalysis approach of psychology timeline
1890s-present
26
humanism approach of psychology timeline
1950s-present
27
behavioruism approach of psychology timeline
1900s-present
28
biological psychologist
psychologists with a focus on exploring the link between brain and mind
29
developmental psychologist
psychologists with a focus on studying our changing abilities from "womb to tomb" (conception to death)
30
cognitive psychologist
psychologists with a focus on experimenting on how we perceive, think, and solve problems
31
educational psychologist
psychologists with a focus on studying influences on teaching and learning
32
personality psychologist
psychologists with a focus on exploring persistent traits in individuals
33
social psychologist
psychologists with a focus on exploring how we view and affect one another
34
psychiatrist
medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
35
industrial-orfganizational psychologist
psychologists with a focus on using concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies train employees, boast morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems
36
human factors psychologist
psychologists with a focus on the interaction between people, machines, and physical environments
37
counseling psychologist
psychologists with a focus on helping ppl cope with challenges and crisis and to improve their personal and social functioning
38
clinical psychologist
psychologists with a focus on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
39
positive psychologist
psychologists with a focus on exploring positive emotions, positive traits, and enabling institutions
40
community psychologist
psychologists with a focus on working to create a social and physical environment that s safe and healthy to all
41
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it
42
theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or event
43
hypothesis
a testable prediction, often inplyed by a theory
44
hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
45
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study; for example, 'sleep deprived' would change to 'x hours less of sleep than a person's natural sleep schedule'
46
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see if the basic findings extends to other precipitants and circumstances
47
case study
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied indepth in the hope of revealing universal principles
48
naturalistic observations
observing and reading behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
49
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
50
sampling bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
51
population
all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (does not refer to an actual population except in a national survey)
52
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population bc each member has an equal chance for inclusion
53
correlation
a relationship between 2 factors
54
positive correlation
both factors increase or decrease together
55
negative correlation
one factor increases while the other factor decreases
56
neutral correlation (aka no correlation)
findings that show no direct relationship between the 2 factors
57
correlation does not equal causation
correlation does not equal causation
58
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
59
histogram
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
60
mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
61
mean
that arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and dividing by the number of scores added
62
median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores above it, half the scores below it
63
skewed distribution
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
64
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
65
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
66
normal curve (aka normal distribution)
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores land near the mean (around 68% fall within 1 standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer around the extremes
67
inferential statistics
numerical data that allows one to generalize - to infer from sampling data the probability of smthing being true of a population
68
statistical significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
69
culture
the enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
70
the 4 ethical principles
-obtain informed consent -protect the individual from physical or emotional harm and discomfort -keep information about individual confidential -fully debrief the individual when done
71
informed consent
an ethical principle that research precipitants be told enough to enable them to choose whether or not they participate debriefing
72
debriefing
the post-experiment explanation of a study including its purpose and any deception to its precipitants
73
descriptive statistics
data showed in charts
74
inferential statistics
statistics that predict how the independent variable affects the general population
75
discrete data
countable data
76
nominal scale
data without a structure
77
ordinal scale
data with a count and order, but without a measure(ex. strongly agree -> strongly disagree)
78
continuous data
data that can take any value (ex. height, weight, temperature, length)
79
interval scale
a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference between the two variables is meaningful and equal, and the presence of zero is arbitrary (ex temperature, SAT scores, credit scores)
80
ratio scale
a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points (ex population, length, area)
81
dicotomy scale
a scale with 2 'options', such as tall and short
82
tricotomy scale
a scale with 3 'options', such as tall, medium, and short

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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