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AP Psychology > Unit 1: History, Approaches, and Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 1: History, Approaches, and Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

biological approach of psychology (biopsychology)

A

all feelings and behaviours have an organic root that comes from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc ; physical

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2
Q

behavioral approach of psychology

A

human behaviour is determined by what a person has learned; focus on observable behaviours

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3
Q

behavioural approach key thinkers

A

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura

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4
Q

cognitive approach of psychology

A

behaviour is explained by the way people acquire, stores, and process information

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5
Q

cognitive approach key thinkers

A

jean Piaget, Noam Chompsky

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6
Q

humanistic approach of psychology

A

humans are inherently good and will make decisions to stay that way or approve (self-actualization)

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7
Q

humanistic approach key thinkers

A

Carl Rodgers, Abraham Maslov

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8
Q

psychoanalytical approach of psychology

A

analyzes the role of the unconscious in determining a human’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours; the idea that we repress our true feelings and are not aware of them

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9
Q

psychoanalytical approach key thinkers

A

Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung

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10
Q

sociocultural approach of psychology

A

environment and culture play a main role in human behaviour; essential behavioural approach on a mass scale

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11
Q

evolutionary approach of psychology

A

Darwinism/survival of the fittest; we behave the way we do bc we inherited those behaviours from ancestors

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12
Q

introspection approach of psychology

A

“looking into oneself” by exploring the senses

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13
Q

introspection approach key thinkers

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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14
Q

father of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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15
Q

structuralism approach of psychology

A

used introspection approach to explore the thoughts and opinions of self-reflection

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16
Q

structuralism approach key thinkers

A

Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchner

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17
Q

father of american psychology

A

William James

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18
Q

functionalism approach of psychology

A

explored how mental and behavioural processes function and how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish; expansion of structuralism with a focus of adaptation

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19
Q

functionalism approach key thinkers

A

William James

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20
Q

gestalt approach of psychology

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; rejected the basic principles of structuralism and instead viewed perception as a whole, focusing on the big picture

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21
Q

introspection approach of psychology timeline

A

1879-1879

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22
Q

structuralism approach of psychology timeline

A

1880s-1920s

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23
Q

functionalism approach of psychology timeline

A

1890s-1920s

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24
Q

gestalt approach of psychology timeline

A

1910s- present

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25
Q

psychoanalysis approach of psychology timeline

A

1890s-present

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26
Q

humanism approach of psychology timeline

A

1950s-present

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27
Q

behavioruism approach of psychology timeline

A

1900s-present

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28
Q

biological psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on exploring the link between brain and mind

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29
Q

developmental psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on studying our changing abilities from “womb to tomb” (conception to death)

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30
Q

cognitive psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on experimenting on how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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31
Q

educational psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on studying influences on teaching and learning

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32
Q

personality psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on exploring persistent traits in individuals

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33
Q

social psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on exploring how we view and affect one another

34
Q

psychiatrist

A

medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders

35
Q

industrial-orfganizational psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on using concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies train employees, boast morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems

36
Q

human factors psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on the interaction between people, machines, and physical environments

37
Q

counseling psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on helping ppl cope with challenges and crisis and to improve their personal and social functioning

38
Q

clinical psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

39
Q

positive psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on exploring positive emotions, positive traits, and enabling institutions

40
Q

community psychologist

A

psychologists with a focus on working to create a social and physical environment that s safe and healthy to all

41
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it

42
Q

theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or event

43
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often inplyed by a theory

44
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

45
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study; for example, ‘sleep deprived’ would change to ‘x hours less of sleep than a person’s natural sleep schedule’

46
Q

replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see if the basic findings extends to other precipitants and circumstances

47
Q

case study

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied indepth in the hope of revealing universal principles

48
Q

naturalistic observations

A

observing and reading behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

49
Q

survey

A

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

50
Q

sampling bias

A

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

51
Q

population

A

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (does not refer to an actual population except in a national survey)

52
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population bc each member has an equal chance for inclusion

53
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between 2 factors

54
Q

positive correlation

A

both factors increase or decrease together

55
Q

negative correlation

A

one factor increases while the other factor decreases

56
Q

neutral correlation (aka no correlation)

A

findings that show no direct relationship between the 2 factors

57
Q

correlation does not equal causation

A

correlation does not equal causation

58
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

59
Q

histogram

A

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

60
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

61
Q

mean

A

that arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and dividing by the number of scores added

62
Q

median

A

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores above it, half the scores below it

63
Q

skewed distribution

A

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

64
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

65
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

66
Q

normal curve (aka normal distribution)

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores land near the mean (around 68% fall within 1 standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer around the extremes

67
Q

inferential statistics

A

numerical data that allows one to generalize - to infer from sampling data the probability of smthing being true of a population

68
Q

statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

69
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

70
Q

the 4 ethical principles

A

-obtain informed consent
-protect the individual from physical or emotional harm and discomfort
-keep information about individual confidential
-fully debrief the individual when done

71
Q

informed consent

A

an ethical principle that research precipitants be told enough to enable them to choose whether or not they participate debriefing

72
Q

debriefing

A

the post-experiment explanation of a study including its purpose and any deception to its precipitants

73
Q

descriptive statistics

A

data showed in charts

74
Q

inferential statistics

A

statistics that predict how the independent variable affects the general population

75
Q

discrete data

A

countable data

76
Q

nominal scale

A

data without a structure

77
Q

ordinal scale

A

data with a count and order, but without a measure(ex. strongly agree -> strongly disagree)

78
Q

continuous data

A

data that can take any value (ex. height, weight, temperature, length)

79
Q

interval scale

A

a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference between the two variables is meaningful and equal, and the presence of zero is arbitrary (ex temperature, SAT scores, credit scores)

80
Q

ratio scale

A

a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points (ex population, length, area)

81
Q

dicotomy scale

A

a scale with 2 ‘options’, such as tall and short

82
Q

tricotomy scale

A

a scale with 3 ‘options’, such as tall, medium, and short

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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