Unit 6: Development Over the Life Span

Question 1

What did Harry Harlow do?

Answer 1

Use monkeys to find important discoveries of the maternal process and attention for proper development in infancy

Question 2

Cross-sectional Research:

Answer 2

Looks at two different groups and makes comparisons

Question 3

Longitudinal Research

Answer 3

Tracks individuals over a long period of time

Question 4

Correlation Research

Answer 4

Attempts to find links between specific variables and outcomes.

Question 5

Strategies of Research

Answer 5

Observation, self-report, and interviews.

Question 6

Ideologies

Answer 6

Foundational beliefs that direct theories and research

Question 7

Continuity Vs. Discontinuity Theory

Answer 7

Continuity: Development is a constant rate, continual and constant. Adult is just an advanced version of child. Similar traits (Personality, preferences, and physical characteristics)

Discontinuity: Big steps. Development is stagnant for a time the moves to next stage. Adult is entirely new entity from child.

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

Signal cell that has potential to develop into an animal or plant

Question 9

Critical Period

Answer 9

Crucial time during development where functions and systems necessary to survive are formed.

Question 10

Sensitive Period

Answer 10

Time when developmental systems are more responsive

Question 11

Prenatal Period

Answer 11

Most essential in establishing successful biological functions.

Question 12

What does an extra chromosome do?

Answer 12

Causes different physical appearances and sometimes intellectual or developmental problems

Question 13

Teratogens

Answer 13

Viruses or chemicals that reach embryo or fetus and impair development

Question 14

Rooting

Answer 14

Innate reflex to open its mouth in search for food

Question 15

Infants social relationships

Answer 15

0-3 months: No preference for caregiver

6 weeks- 7 months: show preference for primary and secondary caregivers

7-11 months: Strong preference for one primary giver

9+ months: Begin to form bonds with other caring individuals

Question 16

Types of Attachment

Answer 16

Ambivalent: Unavailable parents, distressed when left by parent

Avoidant Attachment: Abusive parents, child has no preference of adult, not learned to find safety in them

Disorganized Attachment: Found through inconsistencies in parenting. Doesn’t know to seek or avoid attention.

Secure Attachment: Found through consistent attentive needs meeting parents. Child is sad when left, but joyful upon return.

Question 17

Childhood growth

Answer 17

20/20 vision, growth 2-3 inches and gain 4-5 pounds a year, rapid frontal lobe growth=increased reasoning skills.

Question 18

Moral Development

Answer 18

The process of individuals learning right from wrong according to laws, regulations , and social norms

Question 19

Moral Development

Answer 19

The process of individuals learning right from wrong according to laws, regulations, and social norms

Question 20

Piaget’s Levels of Moral Development

Answer 20

Moral Realism: Idea of absolute right and wrong, determined by someone of authority, which is followed by either punishment or reward.

Moral Relativism: Intentions matter, there are no absolute right or wrong.

Question 21

Lawrence Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development

Answer 21

Pre-conventional: Rules are followed for reward or avoiding punishment

Conventional Morality: Acceptance of societies rules/norms, duty to follow them morally

Post conventional Morality: Morality changes. Decisions based on personal morality

Question 22

Adolescence grows…

Answer 22

in body, brain, and emotional growth

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

Helps make decisions but uses a TON more emotion, instinct, and impulse. Not always with reasoning.

Question 24

James Marcia identification of Identity Types

Answer 24

Identity Diffusion: Low commitment and Low exploration. Doesn’t know who they are, goes back and forth according to what works at time

Identity Foreclosure: High commitment, low exploration. Not much “choice” in who they are. (Luisa from Encanto)

Moratorium: High exploration, low commitment

Identity Achievement: High exploration and high commitment, knows who they are and confident in self

Question 24

Identity Formation

Answer 24

Developing a strong sense of who you are based on your personality, experiences, needs, and desires.

Question 25

What happens from age 25-death?

Answer 25

Brain and body stay the same or deteriorate

Question 26

Declining body changes

Answer 26

Diminished eye sight, slower reaction speed, decreased stamina, difficulty with hearing

Question 27

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 27

Knowledge gained from past experiences (Increases with age)

Question 28

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 28

Ability to reason and think abstractly as well as learning new things (Decreases with age)

Question 29

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s Death process

Answer 29

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, then acceptance.

Question 30

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Answer 30

Trust Vs. Mistrust (0-18 months),
Autonomy Vs. Shame (18 months- 3 years)
Initiative Vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
Industry Vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)
Identity Vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
Intimacy Vs. Isolation (18-40 years)
Generativity Vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)
Ego Integrity Vs. Despair (65- death)
Don’t just look at the social position and progress made in development, but also serve as a developmental guide for emotion.”