Unit 6: Development Over the Life Span Flashcards
What did Harry Harlow do?
Use monkeys to find important discoveries of the maternal process and attention for proper development in infancy
Cross-sectional Research:
Looks at two different groups and makes comparisons
Longitudinal Research
Tracks individuals over a long period of time
Correlation Research
Attempts to find links between specific variables and outcomes.
Strategies of Research
Observation, self-report, and interviews.
Ideologies
Foundational beliefs that direct theories and research
Continuity Vs. Discontinuity Theory
Continuity: Development is a constant rate, continual and constant. Adult is just an advanced version of child. Similar traits (Personality, preferences, and physical characteristics)
Discontinuity: Big steps. Development is stagnant for a time the moves to next stage. Adult is entirely new entity from child.
Zygote
Signal cell that has potential to develop into an animal or plant
Critical Period
Crucial time during development where functions and systems necessary to survive are formed.
Sensitive Period
Time when developmental systems are more responsive
Prenatal Period
Most essential in establishing successful biological functions.
What does an extra chromosome do?
Causes different physical appearances and sometimes intellectual or developmental problems
Teratogens
Viruses or chemicals that reach embryo or fetus and impair development
Rooting
Innate reflex to open its mouth in search for food
Infants social relationships
0-3 months: No preference for caregiver
6 weeks- 7 months: show preference for primary and secondary caregivers
7-11 months: Strong preference for one primary giver
9+ months: Begin to form bonds with other caring individuals
Types of Attachment
Ambivalent: Unavailable parents, distressed when left by parent
Avoidant Attachment: Abusive parents, child has no preference of adult, not learned to find safety in them
Disorganized Attachment: Found through inconsistencies in parenting. Doesn’t know to seek or avoid attention.
Secure Attachment: Found through consistent attentive needs meeting parents. Child is sad when left, but joyful upon return.
Childhood growth
20/20 vision, growth 2-3 inches and gain 4-5 pounds a year, rapid frontal lobe growth=increased reasoning skills.
Moral Development
The process of individuals learning right from wrong according to laws, regulations , and social norms
Moral Development
The process of individuals learning right from wrong according to laws, regulations, and social norms
Piaget’s Levels of Moral Development
Moral Realism: Idea of absolute right and wrong, determined by someone of authority, which is followed by either punishment or reward.
Moral Relativism: Intentions matter, there are no absolute right or wrong.
Lawrence Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
Pre-conventional: Rules are followed for reward or avoiding punishment
Conventional Morality: Acceptance of societies rules/norms, duty to follow them morally
Post conventional Morality: Morality changes. Decisions based on personal morality
Adolescence grows…
in body, brain, and emotional growth
Amygdala
Helps make decisions but uses a TON more emotion, instinct, and impulse. Not always with reasoning.
James Marcia identification of Identity Types
Identity Diffusion: Low commitment and Low exploration. Doesn’t know who they are, goes back and forth according to what works at time
Identity Foreclosure: High commitment, low exploration. Not much “choice” in who they are. (Luisa from Encanto)
Moratorium: High exploration, low commitment
Identity Achievement: High exploration and high commitment, knows who they are and confident in self
Identity Formation
Developing a strong sense of who you are based on your personality, experiences, needs, and desires.
What happens from age 25-death?
Brain and body stay the same or deteriorate
Declining body changes
Diminished eye sight, slower reaction speed, decreased stamina, difficulty with hearing
Crystallized intelligence
Knowledge gained from past experiences (Increases with age)
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason and think abstractly as well as learning new things (Decreases with age)
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s Death process
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, then acceptance.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Trust Vs. Mistrust (0-18 months),
Autonomy Vs. Shame (18 months- 3 years)
Initiative Vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
Industry Vs. Inferiority (5-12 years)
Identity Vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)
Intimacy Vs. Isolation (18-40 years)
Generativity Vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)
Ego Integrity Vs. Despair (65- death)
Don’t just look at the social position and progress made in development, but also serve as a developmental guide for emotion.”
