Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pysch 101 > Unit 6 - Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is meant by the saying that “language evolves”

A

We re-define words to reflect how they are being used

ex: Literally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Pragmatics

A

Rules that govern the practicalities of language use
ex: gestures, intonation, turn-taking, closeness to conversation partner

*Change with different combinations of culture and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What aside from speech, exists in spoken language?

A

-tone
-body language
-ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is grammar learned implicitly or explicitly

A

Mostly Implicitly via exposure to the language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is grammar?

A

Rules that govern how the parts of language combine to make meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical rules that govern how sentences are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do all English speakers use the same grammatical rules?

A

NO! We have over 100 dialects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does it mean to be a flexible language?

A

It means you put more emphasis on word order

ex: In English
“Only I like chips” means something different from
“I only like chips”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the following parts of language:

-Phoneme
-Morpheme
-Words
-Phrases

A

Smallest unit that is an individual sound

Smallest unit with its own meaning

Combo of the above unit

Combo of the above unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is language?

A

Shared system of rules and symbols that are used for communication

*The rules govern how to use and combine the symbols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two processing systems involved in dual processing?

A

The autonomic system

The controlled system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the autonomic system

A

A fast, intuitive system that doesn’t use much mental effort or attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the controlled system

A

A slow but logical and deliberate process that uses lots of mental effort and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are emotions really important for decision-making?

A

YES!
-Both intuition and emotions are important parts of the process

-A patient with no emotional responses struggles to make simple decisions, organize their time or make good choices

-We use a basic feeling of “good for me” or “bad for me” to guide our judgements of what will have a + or - effect on us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do marketing teams work hard to ensure their ads spark positive emotions?

A

Because our decisions can be manipulated by changing our emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two theories for when we use the autonomic vs the controlled systems

A

Theory 1: Autonomic is used when we are overwhelmed, tired or short for time [we know that it is often used during these times]

Theory 2: Our brains always default to autonomic and we need to make the switch to controlled as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

A mental shortcut we use to make quick decisions without much effort

They seem intuitive but may sometimes be illogical or inaccurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is choice overload?

A

Where there are too many options to the point where it is impossible/hard/too time-consuming to make a rational decision and thus your decision-making ability is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are rational judgements?

A

When you come up with criteria for judging your options, rank each option based on this criteria and then rank how important each criteria is to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is bounded rationality?

A

Our rational decision-making is impaired by our available info, time and cognitive abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the difference between a judgement and a decision

A

Judgement: A conclusion drawn from the evidence we have

Decision: A choice that affects our behaviour

Ex:
Judgement: Dark blue is an ugly colour, pink is a good colour on me, ect.

Decision: I will not wear a dark blue dress today, I will wear a pink shirt today, ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do we use to make decisions?

What are these decisions guided by?

A

Judgements

Guided by:
-emotions
-intuition
-rational thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A

When we imaging the details of an event and this boosts our confidence that it actually happened (even though the event did infact not actually happen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does imagination inflation imply?

A

That eye witness testimony may not be accurate ex: weapon-focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is motivated forgetting?

A

The idea that we consciously or unconsciously forget memories we do not want to remember.

Likely a retrieval issue more so than an issue with the storage

26
Q

What is encoding failure?

A

When you forget something bc it was never encoded in the first place

-happens bc proper encoding needs effort and attention

27
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomena?

A

When you are super confident a memory is stored somewhere in your brain but you can’t retrieve it

-We an actually see that you still have neural traces of it in your mind which suggests that it is infact still there even if you never retrieve it

28
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

Memories are easier to retrieved in the same context that they were encoded in

ex: You will do better on a test in the classroom you did lectures in than in a new room (like PAC >:p)

29
Q

what kind of memory is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Long-term episodic

30
Q

What kind of memory is the basal ganglia and cerebellum responsible for?

A

Long-term procedural memory

31
Q

How can someone with amnesia continue playing piano?
Hint: Which kind of memory is affected by amnesia?

A

Only explicit memory is affected by amnesia

*Sometimes only episodic memory

32
Q

What are the two main types of long term memory?

A

Explicit (needs mental effort) and Implicit (no mental effort)

33
Q

What are the types of Explicit Memory?

A

Episodic: A personal experience
Semantic: Meaning/knowledge

Not talked abt in class but the text also mentioned Prospective : Memory of what we need to do in the future [same basis in brain as episodic thus also DEC with age]

34
Q

Which type of memory DEC with age?

A

Episodic

35
Q

What memory is in lateral and anterior temporal lobes?

A

Semantic

36
Q

What kind of memory is used in the statement
“the DC library is always full of quiet students”

A

Episodic and semantic

Multiple episodic memories created a semantic memory.

37
Q

What are the 3 types of implicit memories?

A

Procedural: Skills you’ve practiced many times. Often maintained by amnesiacs

Priming: INC in ability to process stimuli bc you have previously been exposed to it. *Mostly acts on sensory regions of the brain that aren’t responsible for meaning

Classical Conditioning:
-The association of a neutral stimuli with another stimuli that produces a behaviour.
-Must happen over MULTIPLE SESSIONS

38
Q

What brain regions are essential to memory?

A

-Amygdala
-Parts of the frontal lobe
-Hippocampus

39
Q

What is amnesia?

A

The loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma

40
Q

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A

Retrograde: Can’t remember things prior to the event but can build new memory

Anterograde: Can’t encode new info into long-term memory after the event but can retrieve old memories

41
Q

What is the serial positioning effect?

A

People are more likely to remember the words at the start of a list (primacy effect - associated with long-term memory) and at the end (recency effect - associated with short term memory)

42
Q

What can help you to actively encode information and retrieve things from long-term memory?

A

Chunking
Add meaning by relating to prior knowledge
Use Visuo-spatial system
Speech repitition

43
Q

What is essential to move things towards long-term memory?

A

Paying attention to them!!
Actively working with the memory!!!

44
Q

What is working memory?

A

An executive function thag lets hs Manipulating/organizing info in short-term memory

Done by the control center (Central executive)

45
Q

What is executive function?

A

Tools the central executive uses to solve problems and handle information

Includes for ex: The ability to focus on tasks, filter out distractions and have cognitive control(goal-oriented behaviour)

46
Q

What is post-categorial processing?

A

Processing info at the level of its category

(when we give information meaning)

ex: Sensory memory sees curly fur, big brown eyes, 4 legs and a tail
short memory condenses info into: dog

47
Q

What does the digit span task (asking ppl to memorize string of numbers in order) tell us about memory?

A

It is easier to memorize a string of numbers in numerical order than a random order because the later uses only short term memory but the former uses both short and long-term (bc it relates to prior knowledge)

48
Q

What supports the idea that short and long term memory have diff storage mechanisms in the brain and may occur in different brain regions?

A

Behaviour dissociation

Steve has bad short term memory but if given enough processing time, long-term memory is great

Alex has bad long term memory but can hold things in short term for a little while

49
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Memory with no capacity or duration limits so long as it is well-maintained.

If short-term memories don’t make it here, they will be forgotten

50
Q

What is short term memory

A

Select Sensory memories that have undergone further processing
-Last less than a minute
-Lost accuracy but still has more detail than long-term
-Post-categorial and thus easier to process

51
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

the raw data that entered the brain from your sensory organs
very detailed but only exists for less than a second
essential for encoding to occur
Created all the time but will only become short term memories if they get enough attention

52
Q

What does capacity mean in terms of memory?

A

Level of detail

53
Q

What is rehersal?

A

Holding info in memory via mental repetition

54
Q

What is source memory?

A

the ability to remeber the context knowledge was aquired in

55
Q

What is source amnesia?

A

When we can’t remeber when or how or where we learned a fact

Very common. do YOU remember when you learned to tie your shoes???

56
Q

What impairs encoding?
Does this also impair retrieval?

A

Dividing attention between tasks

NO!

57
Q

Define the following terms:

Memory
Storage
Encoding
Retrieval

A

The storage of info for later access

Maintained encoded info for later access

Taking info from your feelings/thoughts/the world and making the storage-ready versions

Bringing previously encoded info back to your mind (accessing storage). This re-encodes it into the brain.

58
Q

Do memory suggestibility and the misinformation effect suggest that our memory sucks?

A

NO! they reflect our memory’s dynamic ability to be updated with newly acquired info

59
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

A DEC in accuracy of episodic memory due to info we get after the experience

ex: stop and yield sign experiment

60
Q

What 2 things combine to make memory?

A

Past experiences (knowledge) and current stimuli (context)

ex: curtains vs diamond in a square experiment

61
Q

What is memory suggetibility

A

the fact that other ppl’s reports and or expectations can influence memory

62
Q

Why do we make memories?
Why don’t we bother making them perfectly accurate?

A

To preserve meaning

We don’t want to devote too many ressources.

Pysch 101 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions