Unit 1-3

Question 1

is pysch old or young

Answer 1

young

Question 2

where was pysch born

Answer 2

western europe

Question 3

did the 2 branches develop separatly or together

Answer 3

separatly

Question 4

explain the scientific side

Answer 4

studys human mind + behaviour

Question 5

who are key sci side players

Answer 5

Wundt (german) and James (USA)

Question 6

explain clinical side

Answer 6

apply knowledge in healthcare settings

Question 7

who is key for clinical side

Answer 7

Freud

Question 8

what has happened to the 2 sides in modern day pysch

Answer 8

they have been merged

Question 9

what is pyshc

Answer 9

the study of the mind + behaviour

Question 10

what is clinical now?

Answer 10

a subarea

Question 11

what are some subareas of pysch

Answer 11

brain imaging, exp approaches to understand memory, ect.

Question 12

what is psuedoscience

Answer 12

claims we believe are based in sci but are inconsistent with the scientific method

Question 13

pop pysch

Answer 13

oversimplified at best, based on out of date reserach, invalid reserach, misinterprested data/obserivations and unproven propositions at worse

Question 14

is pysch common sense?

Answer 14

NO. critical thinking is very important. pysch often shows us that our intuition is WRONG

Question 15

what are the 3 steps for critical thinking?

Answer 15

1)Ask what sci evidence supports the claim
2) ask if the topichas been empirically studied (observation and theory&raquo_space; belief and theory)
3)is this opinion, facts or unbiased research?

Question 16

What are the 6 steps of the sci method?

Answer 16

1) choose theory of focus
2) state hypothesis
3) test with research method
4) analyze data
5) report results
6) embark on further inquiry

Question 17

what is a theory

Answer 17

A bunch of ideas about what people do and why ex: Sleep deprivation hurts creative performance

Question 18

what is a hypothesis

Answer 18

a prediction of what will happen if x,y,z based on a thoery ex: if these people only get 2 hours of sleep, they will produce a worse song than people who got 8 hours of sleep

Question 19

what makes a bad theory

Answer 19

when you can’t form a hypothesis that would let us prove it
ex: it is possible for humans to randomly fly at will (any - conclusion could be refuted by saying we didn’t wait long enough)

Question 20

what is operationalizatoin?

Answer 20

turning a variable into a measurable and quantifiable form ex: we will measure creativity via ability to write a good song (this is bad operalization)
or, good sleep = 8 hrs and bad sleep = 3hrs (this is better)

Question 21

what is replication and why is it important and why does it not always hapen

Answer 21

replication is when other people or you can redo a study to get the same results. It shows that your study is good.

it might not happen bc
-you got a false + (statistically significant but doesn’t represent a real effect)
-this could be bc you had questionable research practices OR differences in geopgraphy, materials, procedure or sample

Question 22

what are examples of bad science

Answer 22

-small sample sizes
-HARKing (hypothesizng after knowing result)
-phacking (playing with data to get pvalue under 0.05)
-undereporting non-significant effects (makes evidence look stronger than it is)

(SUPH)

Question 23

why is HARKing bad

Answer 23

is misleads abt evidence strength

Question 24

what are examples of good scinece

Answer 24

Open science: share data, materials, analysis plans and published articles so others can collab, use, verify and learn abt the results

Pre registration: show hypothesis, ehtods and planned analysis known to public B4 study

Question 25

why is preregistration good?

Answer 25

shows that findings aren’t due to HARKIng or phacking
stats analysis before hand lets you figure out how large the sample should be to dectect a true effect if it exists

Question 26

how can sleep help animals

Answer 26

learn + remember
-strengthens neural connections
-erases connections that aren’t commonly used

Question 27

recommended insomia cure

Answer 27

try diff things (diff things work for diff ppl) to improve sleep hygiene

Question 28

what is insomnia and how common is it

Answer 28

difficulty staying to getting to sleep
10% of adults, 27% of students

Question 29

what is sleep “apnea”

Answer 29

apnea = breathlessness
sleep apnea is when you stop breathing for long periods when you sleep so your brain has to keep waking you up to return oxygen

Question 30

what is narcolepsy

Answer 30

sleep attacks while away. sometiems comes with cataplexy, when you suddenly loose muscle control when awake usually due to a harmless trigger like sudden laughter

Question 31

what is RBD

Answer 31

REM behaviour disorder. When instead of sleep signals being blocked from the motor cortex in REM, you act out your dreams.
May include night terrors (intense fear responses while you sleep)

Question 32

What are the 2 main sleep functions

Answer 32

-build, repair, restore
-learning and memory

Question 33

how does sleep help us “build, repair,restore?”

Answer 33

-childhood growth
-heal from illness/injury (INC immune cell count)
-distribute nutrients
-DEC waste
-replenish energy stores + let neurons rest and reset

Question 34

how does sleep help us learn and remember

Answer 34

protects newly formed memories
we see changes in brain activity associated with period of intense sleep

Question 35

what kind of sleep to dolphins have and why

Answer 35

unihemispheric
if fully asleep they can’t
-breath
-prepare for predatory attack

Question 36

what did we OG think was the reason for sleep

Answer 36

keep us togetehr and out of trouble during nightitme while we save energy

(not belived bc many animals risk predators by sleeeping)

Question 37

what are the main types of sleep and how many types are there

Answer 37

REM
Non-REM (3/4 types)

Question 38

what happens if not enough sleep

Answer 38

bad emotional and cognitive function and health

Question 39

what do we need to do to data to report our findings?

Answer 39

QUANTIFY IT!!!

Question 40

how does stats help us

Answer 40

lets us summarize and analyze how participants responded -this lets us test our hypothesis

Question 41

what are the 2 main ways of using stats

Answer 41

-Descriptive stats (summarize differences in responses)
-effect size (magnitude of relationship between 2 variables)

Question 42

what are the types of descriptive stats

Answer 42

Frequecny distribution
Central tendency (mode, mean, median)
Varibalilty (range + sd)

Question 43

what is p

Answer 43

like a probability
under 5% means its porbably significant

Question 44

how does p result in publication bias

Answer 44

its harder to publish studies with no significant results even though this information is still important to know

Question 45

what is standard deviation

Answer 45

the average distance to the mean.
How many exceptions there are

Question 46

can we use effect size with every study type?

Answer 46

NO its only for experimetns and correlational studies

Question 47

what are the ways of measuring effect size

Answer 47

scatterplots (show direction and strength)
compare averages of the two groups (look at the differnces of means + sd do get an idea of how this difference relates to the sd)

Question 48

how do we calculate r and what does it mean

Answer 48

use mean and sd to get absolute value. its the correlation coefficient (50 + is strong, 0.3 is mid, 0.1 is weak )

Question 49

how is effect size (r) affects for the same mean as s (standard devication) INC

Answer 49

it DEC

Question 50

what are the 3 types of research methods

Answer 50

Descriptive, correlatinal and experimental

Question 51

what are the pros of each research method

Answer 51

D: can do many varibles at a time and helps you develop theories
C: can do many variables at a time and give relationship info
E: can show cause and effect of a relationship

Question 52

what are the cons of each method

Answer 52

D: doesn’t tell us who is more likey to do smth and under what circumstances (no relationships)
C: can’t say cause
E: only 2 variables at a time +not all variables can be manipulated ex: gender

Question 53

what is random sampling

Answer 53

when all members of a pop. have an equal chance of being selected

Question 54

what form are self-report studies often using

Answer 54

surveys

Question 55

what is an example of descriptive research

Answer 55

average hours spend by uni students listening to pop music, average height of moms, ect.

Question 56

what is the 3rd varible problem

Answer 56

when are correlation is explained by a secret third variable

Question 57

can one correlation study rule out all possible 3rd variable porblems?

Answer 57

NO

Question 58

what are the criteria for causation

Answer 58

1) correlation exists
2)we know for sure which variable comes first
3) there are no reasonable alternative explainations for the pattern

Question 59

indpendent vs dependent variable

Answer 59

idnependent: causal, is manipulated and have at least 2 levels
dependet: 1 or more effect variables

Question 60

what is random assignment

Answer 60

randomly assingned ppl to reaserch groups. essential for eliminating bias

Question 61

what is the experimental group

Answer 61

group that we expect to experience the affect

Question 62

what is the control group

Answer 62

group with no condition. we expect no effect

Question 63

what is a double blind procedure

Answer 63

participants and researchser don’t know who has what conditoin