Unit 1-3 Flashcards
is pysch old or young
young
where was pysch born
western europe
did the 2 branches develop separatly or together
separatly
explain the scientific side
studys human mind + behaviour
who are key sci side players
Wundt (german) and James (USA)
explain clinical side
apply knowledge in healthcare settings
who is key for clinical side
Freud
what has happened to the 2 sides in modern day pysch
they have been merged
what is pyshc
the study of the mind + behaviour
what is clinical now?
a subarea
what are some subareas of pysch
brain imaging, exp approaches to understand memory, ect.
what is psuedoscience
claims we believe are based in sci but are inconsistent with the scientific method
pop pysch
oversimplified at best, based on out of date reserach, invalid reserach, misinterprested data/obserivations and unproven propositions at worse
is pysch common sense?
NO. critical thinking is very important. pysch often shows us that our intuition is WRONG
what are the 3 steps for critical thinking?
1)Ask what sci evidence supports the claim
2) ask if the topichas been empirically studied (observation and theory»_space; belief and theory)
3)is this opinion, facts or unbiased research?
What are the 6 steps of the sci method?
1) choose theory of focus
2) state hypothesis
3) test with research method
4) analyze data
5) report results
6) embark on further inquiry
what is a theory
A bunch of ideas about what people do and why ex: Sleep deprivation hurts creative performance
what is a hypothesis
a prediction of what will happen if x,y,z based on a thoery ex: if these people only get 2 hours of sleep, they will produce a worse song than people who got 8 hours of sleep
what makes a bad theory
when you can’t form a hypothesis that would let us prove it
ex: it is possible for humans to randomly fly at will (any - conclusion could be refuted by saying we didn’t wait long enough)
what is operationalizatoin?
turning a variable into a measurable and quantifiable form ex: we will measure creativity via ability to write a good song (this is bad operalization)
or, good sleep = 8 hrs and bad sleep = 3hrs (this is better)
what is replication and why is it important and why does it not always hapen
replication is when other people or you can redo a study to get the same results. It shows that your study is good.
it might not happen bc
-you got a false + (statistically significant but doesn’t represent a real effect)
-this could be bc you had questionable research practices OR differences in geopgraphy, materials, procedure or sample
what are examples of bad science
-small sample sizes
-HARKing (hypothesizng after knowing result)
-phacking (playing with data to get pvalue under 0.05)
-undereporting non-significant effects (makes evidence look stronger than it is)
(SUPH)
why is HARKing bad
is misleads abt evidence strength
what are examples of good scinece
Open science: share data, materials, analysis plans and published articles so others can collab, use, verify and learn abt the results
Pre registration: show hypothesis, ehtods and planned analysis known to public B4 study
why is preregistration good?
shows that findings aren’t due to HARKIng or phacking
stats analysis before hand lets you figure out how large the sample should be to dectect a true effect if it exists
how can sleep help animals
learn + remember
-strengthens neural connections
-erases connections that aren’t commonly used
recommended insomia cure
try diff things (diff things work for diff ppl) to improve sleep hygiene
what is insomnia and how common is it
difficulty staying to getting to sleep
10% of adults, 27% of students
what is sleep “apnea”
apnea = breathlessness
sleep apnea is when you stop breathing for long periods when you sleep so your brain has to keep waking you up to return oxygen
what is narcolepsy
sleep attacks while away. sometiems comes with cataplexy, when you suddenly loose muscle control when awake usually due to a harmless trigger like sudden laughter
what is RBD
REM behaviour disorder. When instead of sleep signals being blocked from the motor cortex in REM, you act out your dreams.
May include night terrors (intense fear responses while you sleep)
What are the 2 main sleep functions
-build, repair, restore
-learning and memory
how does sleep help us “build, repair,restore?”
-childhood growth
-heal from illness/injury (INC immune cell count)
-distribute nutrients
-DEC waste
-replenish energy stores + let neurons rest and reset
how does sleep help us learn and remember
protects newly formed memories
we see changes in brain activity associated with period of intense sleep
what kind of sleep to dolphins have and why
unihemispheric
if fully asleep they can’t
-breath
-prepare for predatory attack
what did we OG think was the reason for sleep
keep us togetehr and out of trouble during nightitme while we save energy
(not belived bc many animals risk predators by sleeeping)
what are the main types of sleep and how many types are there
REM
Non-REM (3/4 types)
what happens if not enough sleep
bad emotional and cognitive function and health
what do we need to do to data to report our findings?
QUANTIFY IT!!!
how does stats help us
lets us summarize and analyze how participants responded -this lets us test our hypothesis
what are the 2 main ways of using stats
-Descriptive stats (summarize differences in responses)
-effect size (magnitude of relationship between 2 variables)
what are the types of descriptive stats
Frequecny distribution
Central tendency (mode, mean, median)
Varibalilty (range + sd)
what is p
like a probability
under 5% means its porbably significant
how does p result in publication bias
its harder to publish studies with no significant results even though this information is still important to know
what is standard deviation
the average distance to the mean.
How many exceptions there are
can we use effect size with every study type?
NO its only for experimetns and correlational studies
what are the ways of measuring effect size
scatterplots (show direction and strength)
compare averages of the two groups (look at the differnces of means + sd do get an idea of how this difference relates to the sd)
how do we calculate r and what does it mean
use mean and sd to get absolute value. its the correlation coefficient (50 + is strong, 0.3 is mid, 0.1 is weak )
how is effect size (r) affects for the same mean as s (standard devication) INC
it DEC
what are the 3 types of research methods
Descriptive, correlatinal and experimental
what are the pros of each research method
D: can do many varibles at a time and helps you develop theories
C: can do many variables at a time and give relationship info
E: can show cause and effect of a relationship
what are the cons of each method
D: doesn’t tell us who is more likey to do smth and under what circumstances (no relationships)
C: can’t say cause
E: only 2 variables at a time +not all variables can be manipulated ex: gender
what is random sampling
when all members of a pop. have an equal chance of being selected
what form are self-report studies often using
surveys
what is an example of descriptive research
average hours spend by uni students listening to pop music, average height of moms, ect.
what is the 3rd varible problem
when are correlation is explained by a secret third variable
can one correlation study rule out all possible 3rd variable porblems?
NO
what are the criteria for causation
1) correlation exists
2)we know for sure which variable comes first
3) there are no reasonable alternative explainations for the pattern
indpendent vs dependent variable
idnependent: causal, is manipulated and have at least 2 levels
dependet: 1 or more effect variables
what is random assignment
randomly assingned ppl to reaserch groups. essential for eliminating bias
what is the experimental group
group that we expect to experience the affect
what is the control group
group with no condition. we expect no effect
what is a double blind procedure
participants and researchser don’t know who has what conditoin
