Unit 1-3 Alt Flashcards
Explain the 3 types of validity
ContructL how well did we operationalize
External: how well did we sample
Internal: how well did rule out other explanations
what is a confound
when experimental groups accidentlaly differ in smth other than the idependent variable
which type of validation is most important for experiments
internal
which type of validation is most important for descriptive studies
external
which type of validation is ALWAYS super important
contruct
explain the purpose of opiate receptors and how heroin hijakcs them
meant for endorphins
heroin has INC effect so you take it again
eventually you get opidoid tolerance - you need it to feel norma
in addicted brain lack = withdrawl, which is severe
leads to overodose (potential fatal dosage)
naloxone is an antagonist thus blocks the full effects
what do glial cells do
cellular glue + scfoolding to guide neurons to the right location, nourish, clena
where are electrical signals sent
between PNS and CNS
what is neurotransmission
when electrical signals made by APs are converted to neurotransmitters
what is a lesion
abnormal tissue from trauma or disease
what is wernicks’ area
region of neocortex near auditory cortex that supports language COMPREHENSION
what is broca’s area
region of neocortex near the motor cortex that controls SPEECH PRODUCTION
what is neurophysicoloyg
learning abt the brain by looking at altered function due to damage
what is phrenology
pesudoscinece claming skull bump sizes can help us determine personality or mental function
what is bias blind spot
not only is our intuition bad, but we tend to assume that it is right
what is the scientific method in pysch
systematically collecting and averaging objecive evidence across many ppl
what is the theory-data cycle
develop theory, collect data, compare to theory, repeat if confirms develop new theory if not .
which research method do we use to build support for our theories?
ALL of them COMBINED
what is peer review
other experts in your field find pros and cons of what you did to ensure it is importnat, innovative and well-conductive
what is a variable
smth with at least 2 values (a measurable form of a construct [an abstract concept ex: happiness])
what are measured vs manipulated variables
measured: in all studies - observed and recorded
manipulatied: only in experiments - controlled by researcher who gives diff levels to diff groups
what are primary sensory areas?
the first parts of the brain to get info from their respective sensory nerves (the brain has a region for each of the 5 sense)
what are association areas
integrate info from diff sensory areas and relates to existing knowledge to get a meanignful idea of the world. seems to be the key to higher thinking
where are association areas
in every lobe
what is contralateral organization
left side controlled by right side of brain and vise versa. not noticable bc of quick corpus callosum communicatoin
what is corpus callosum
“tough body” it connects the sides for quick coms
what are 3 ways we learn abt the brain
fMRI
MRI
post-mortem biopsies
what is MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
-strong mag field around person makes H bonds act up so we get a stack of brain cross section images
what is fMRI
same but now we can see what parts have oxygen rich blood and what parts have less oxygenated blood
what are nerves
collection of neurons
what is nervous system
network of neurons thorughout the body and brain
how do we divide the nervous system
CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic [sympatheic and parasympathetic])
what does the CNS do
lets us transfer info between the brain and body via electric signals. brain is like a supercomputer
what is the spinal cord
a bundle of nerves that signals between the body and the brain
what does the somatic system do
voluntary movement from CNS to muscolskeletal system + sensory info to CNS
what does the autonomic system do
non-voluntary movement inside the body
what does the sympathetic system do
prep for action ex: fight or flight, taking a test, giving a speech
what does the parasympatheic system do?
return to rest ex: rest, and digest, watch Tv, hang with friends
what are the 3 neuron types
motor: brain to muscle (downwards path)
sensory: sensory organ to CNs (upwards path)
inter: between neurons. retrieve, interpret and store info abt the world to make decisions
what are the 3 parts we see in the brain during early womb development
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
what is the neocortex
wrinkly part of the brain that is most of the cerebral cortex. it develops late adlolescent/early adult hood
what is the cerebral cortex
the largest and most outer part of the brain
waht does the insular lobe do
mouth feels, taste, internal organs perception
what does the temporal lobe do
hearing sound and understanding language + object recognition
Includes auditory cortex
what does the occipital lobe do
most of vision. it interprets light so we need it to see.
Includes visual cortex
what does the parietal lobe do
touch interpretation + focusing on objects to support vision.
includes somatosensory cortex
what does the frontal lobe do
movement (has motor cortex) + interacting with surroundings + higher cognitinon (planning, organizatoin, self-control, learning, decison makong, focusing,ect.)
what expands during adult plasticity periods
the areas that control certain functions
what is damage plasticity
brain mods after an injury via brain reorganization
what is phantaom limb syndrom
brian thinks limb still there- causes pain - brain needs to reorganize - can be helped with mirror therapy
what are critical periods
periods in eraly life when specifc experiences are needed for normal development of specifc characteristics ex: language
what is neuroplasticity
brains ability to modifty, regen and reinvent itself over its life
what kills neurons
-excess alchol
-shaking to hit to head
-disease (alzehimener, parkinisons , huntingtons, ect.)
what is adult plasticity
when we grow neruons due to learnign and memory
what is neurogenesis
formation of new neurons in adulthhood
what can cause neurogeneiss
exercise, learning skills/lagnuages, maybe some chemicals post-stroke
give and example of low and high heritabilty
low: taste in colours
high: hair colour
what may be due to environmental impact on gene experession
health variation amongst socio-economic classses
explain dissociation and double dissociation
dissociation: tells us what controls one thing but not another thing
double: two disscoiations which leave no gaps in knowledge
what is behavioural genetics
study of how genetic factors influence trait variation among indiivduals
genotype vs alle vs phenotyp
genotype: genetic experession/gene set
alllel: variant form of a gene. we have 2 for each gene
phentotype: observable traits due to genes + enviorment
what is gene experession
turning off genes in particular cells. this determine how they function
ex: himilayna rabbits growing up in cold have brown spots, warm climate has none
what is heredity
individaul traits passing down
what is heritability
amount of genetic influence there is on the variance of a trait in a large group
