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Cell & Molecular Biology > Unit 6: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 6: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

A cellular process that continually converts ADP molecules back into usable ATP molecules

A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

A chemical process that releases energy from organic compounds, gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules

A

Cellular Respiration

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3
Q

A cellular respiration pathway that releases only a small amount of energy, and may lead to two other pathways in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

Glycolysis

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4
Q

Chemical pathways of glycolysis that occurs with the presence of oxygen

A
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Electron Transport Chain
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5
Q

A chemical pathway of glycolysis that occurs with the absence of oxygen

A

Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation

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6
Q

The word glycolysis comes from the Greek word […], meaning […], and the Latin word […], meaning […]

A

Greek:
- glucose
- sweet
Latin:
- lysis
- process of loosening or decomposing

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7
Q

The reactions that extract energy from molecules like glucose are called […]

A

catabolic reactions

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8
Q

A cellular process that occurs when a phosphate group from an intermediate of the glucose breakdown reactions is transferred to ADP, forming ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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9
Q

A cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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10
Q

When organic fuels like glucose are broken down using an electron transport chain, the breakdown process is known as […]

A

cellular respiration

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11
Q

[…] are small organic molecules that play key roles in cellular respiration

A

Electron carriers

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12
Q

The 2 types of electron carriers that are particularly important in cellular respiration

A
  • NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
  • FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
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13
Q

The reactions in which NAD+ and FAD gain or lose electrons are examples of a class of reactions called […]

A

redox reactions

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14
Q

Cellular respiration reactions involving electron transfers are known as […]

A

oxidative-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

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15
Q

When a molecule loses electrons, it is called […]; when a molecule gains electrons, it is called […]

A
  • oxidation
  • reduction
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16
Q

If a carbon-containing molecule gains H atoms or loses O atoms during a reaction, it’s likely been […]

A

reduced

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17
Q

If a carbon-containing molecule loses H atoms or gains O atoms during a reaction, it’s likely been […]

A

oxidized

18
Q

The 4 stages of cellular respiration

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyruvate oxidation
  • citric acid cycle
  • oxidative phosphorylation
19
Q

Stage of Cellular Respiration

Glucose undergoes a series of chemical transformations, ultimately being converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate. This makes ATP and converts NAD+ to NADH

A

Glycolysis

20
Q

Stage of Cellular Respiration

Each pyruvate goes into the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

21
Q

Stage of Cellular Respiration

The acetyl CoA combines with a 4C molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the 4C starting molecule. ATP, NADH2, and FADH2 are produced and CO2 is released

A

Citric Acid Cycle

22
Q

Stage of Cellular Respiration

The NADH2 deposit their electrons in the ETC which move down the chain, releasing energy to pump protons out of the matrix. Protons flow back in through ATP synthase, making ATP. Oxygen at the end of the chain accepts electrons and protons to form water

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

23
Q

A series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Electron Transport Chain

24
Q

A chemical process that uses the energy released from the ETC to make ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

25
Q

The 4 key steps in oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2
  • electron transfer and proton pumping
  • splitting of oxygen to form water
  • gradient-driven synthesis of ATP
26
Q

[…] is very good at donating electrons in redox reactions

A

NADH

27
Q

[…] is not as good at donating electrons in redox reactions

A

FADH2

28
Q

ETC

Both complex I and II pass their electrons to a small, mobile electron carrier called […] which is reduced and delivers the electrons to complex III

A

ubiquinone (Q)

29
Q

ETC

As electrons move through complex III, more H ions are pumped across the membrane and the electrons are ultimately delivered to another mobile carrier called […]

A

cytochrome C (cyt C)

30
Q

ETC

[…] passes the electrons to oxygen which splits into 2 oxygen atoms and accepts protons from the matrix to form water

A

Complex IV

31
Q

The 2 important functions of the ETC

A
  • regenerates electron carriers
  • makes a proton gradient
32
Q

The electrochemical gradient produced during chemiosmosis is sometimes called the […]

A

proton-motive force

33
Q

In bears, specialized cells called brown fat cells produce […] that act as channels to allow protons to pass through the membrane without ATP synthase

A

uncoupling proteins

34
Q

The maximum ATP yield for a molecule of glucose

A

30-32 ATP

35
Q

In bacteria, both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle happen in the […]

A

cytosol

36
Q

A chemical process where electrons extracted from a fuel molecule are passed through an ETC, driving ATP synthesis, but uses something other than oxygen at the end of the ETC

A

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

37
Q

In […], NADH transfers its electrons directly to pyruvate, generating lactate as a byproduct

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

38
Q

The net reaction of glycolysis

A

Glucose&raquo_space; 2 pyruvate&raquo_space; 2 ATP + 2 NADH

39
Q

The cells in the middle layer of leaf tissue called […] are the primary sites of photosynthesis

A

mesophyll

40
Q

The […] take place in the thylakoid membrane and require a continuous supply of light energy. This produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

A

light-dependent reactions

41
Q

The […] takes place in the stroma and does not directly require light. This produces glucose

A

Calvin Cycle

Cell & Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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