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Cell & Molecular Biology > Unit 4: The Nucleus > Flashcards

Unit 4: The Nucleus Flashcards

1
Q

A Swiss chemist who identified DNA while studying white blood cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

The first term used to identify DNA

A

Nuclein

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3
Q

A slightly acidic molecule with a high percentage of phosphorus, isolated from the nucleus

A

Nuclein

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4
Q

Who discovered the 3 major components of a single nucleotide

A

Phoebus Levene

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5
Q

The 3 major components of a nucleotide

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar
  • nitrogenous base
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6
Q

Who discovered that nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species?

A

Erwin Chargaff

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7
Q

They discovered x-ray crystallography

A
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Maurice Wilkins
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8
Q

They discovered the double helix structure of DNA and won a Nobel Prize in 1962

A
  • James Watson
  • Francis Crick
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9
Q

They disproved the notion that proteins were genetic material

A
  • Griffith
  • Avery
  • Hershey
  • Chase
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10
Q

A process wherein bacterial form and function changes by an unknown hereditary substance, now known as DNA

A

Transformation
(S. Griffith)

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11
Q

They showed that DNA is the substance that transforms DNA

A
  • Avery
  • MacLeod
  • McCarty
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12
Q

They provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material of T2 phage

A
  • Hershey
  • Chase
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13
Q

An image taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 showing the helical structure of B-form DNA

A

Photograph 51

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14
Q

Who discovered the 2 forms of DNA (A-form & B-form)?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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15
Q

Who solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkin’s x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA?

A

Alec Stokes

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16
Q

Who discovered the a-helix and b-sheet structure of proteins?

A

Linus Pauling

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17
Q

Who pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids to determine how much of each of the nucleotide components was contained in a DNA sample?

A

Erwin Chargaff

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18
Q

Who took the definitive picture of DNA using x-rays?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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19
Q

What is the name given to the shape of DNA?

A

Double Helix

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20
Q

They built the 3D model of the DNA double helix

A
  • Watson
  • Crick
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21
Q

The sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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22
Q

DNA monomers are called […]

A

nucleotides

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23
Q

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a process called […]

A

replication

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24
Q

[…] are made up of thousands of shorter DNA segments called genes

A

Chromosomes

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25
These store the directions for making proteins
Genes
26
Replication always starts at specific locations on the DNA called [...]
origins of replication
27
Two Y-shaped structures opened by helicase during replication
Replication Forks
28
An opened region of DNA as a result of helicase separating the two DNA strands during replication
Replication Bubble
29
An enzyme that unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Helicase
30
A protein that binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template
Single-strand binding protein
31
An enzyme that relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Topoisomerase
32
An enzyme that synthesizes an RNA primer at the 5' end of the leading strand and at the 5' end of each Okazaki fragment of the lagging strand
Primase
33
An enzyme that uses parental DNA as a template to synthesize a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or to a pre-existing DNA strand
DNA polymerase III
34
An enzyme that removes the RNA nucleotides of primers from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides
DNA polymerase I
35
An enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand and joins the 3' end of DNA that replaces the primer to the rest of the leading strand
DNA ligase
36
Errors in DNA replication causes [...]
mutation
37
A region in the DNA that acts as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind
Promoter Region
38
A region in the DNA that acts as recognition site for DNA polymerase and mRNA to dissociate
Terminator Region
39
A stage in DNA transcription where the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds the DNA double helix
Initiation Stage
40
A stage in DNA transcription where the RNA polymerase slides along the template DNA strand and adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule
Elongation Stage
41
A stage in DNA transcription where the RNA polymerase, the DNA strand, and the mRNA transcript dissociate from each other
Termination Stage
42
Regions in the mRNA made during transcription that code for a protein
Exons
43
Regions in the mRNA made during transcription that do not code for a protein
Introns
44
A process of mRNA modification wherein a 5' cap and a 3' poly-A tail are added to make the mRNA useable for translation
Intron Splicing
45
A complex of proteins and RNA that removes the intron segments and joins the adjacent exons to produce a mature mRNA useable for translation
Spliceosome
46
During transcription, a 5' cap is added to the mRNA. What is this made up of?
A modified guanine nucleotide
47
During transcription, a 3' poly-A tail is added to the mRNA. What is this made up of?
50-250 adenine nucleotides
48
mRNA nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called [...]
codons
49
How many codons are in the genetic code?
64
50
The start codon
AUG (methionine)
51
The 3 stop codons
- UGA - UAG - UAA
52
A stage in DNA translation where: - The small ribosomal unit attaches to the start codon - A specific amino acid from a tRNA binds to the codon - The large ribosomal unit binds to form the translation complex
Initiation Stage
53
A stage in DNA translation where: - Individual amino acids are brought to the translation complex by a tRNA through complementary base pairing - The charged tRNA binds to the A site - A peptide bond forms between its amino acid and the one at the P site - The translation complex slides down one codon and the previous, now uncharged tRNA exits from the E site - This process continues until a stop codon is reached
Elongation Stage
54
A stage in DNA translation where: - A release factor binds to the A site at a stop codon - The polypeptide is released from the tRNA in the P site - The translation complex dissociates from the mRNA
Termination Stage
55
The experiment that proved DNA replication is semi-conservative
Meselson-Stahl Experiment
56
A system for recognizing and repairing errors in DNA replication
Mismatch Repair
57
A gene repair pathway wherein one damaged base is replaced by a new one
Base Excision Repair
58
A gene repair pathway wherein a long strand of 24 or so damaged nucleotides are replaced by new ones; Often caused by UV radiation
Nucleotide Excision Repair
59
A gene repair pathway wherein a double strand break is fixed by using an undamaged DNA template and interlacing them to exchange nucleotide sequences to fill the missing gaps; Often caused by high-frequency radiation
Homologous Recombination
60
A gene repair pathway wherein a double strand break is fixed by trimming the damaged nucleotides and fusing the broken ends together; Often caused by high-frequency radiation
Non-homologous Recombination
61
This refers to the removal of cells, tissues, or organs from an organisms to be placed into an artificial environment conducive to their growth
Tissue Culture
62
This refers to the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA
DNA Technology
63
This refers to the removal of cells from an animal and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment
Cell Culture
64
An in vitro process which aims to make many copies of a DNA region
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Template DNA - DNA marker primer - DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase)
65
Applications of DNA marker analysis in rice research
- Gene Mapping, Cloning, and Marker-Assisted Breeding - Cultivar Identification and Analysis of Seed Purity - Evaluation of Germplasm Resource

Cell & Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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