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Cell & Molecular Biology > Unit 4: The Nucleus > Flashcards

Unit 4: The Nucleus Flashcards

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1
Q

A Swiss chemist who identified DNA while studying white blood cells

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

The first term used to identify DNA

A

Nuclein

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3
Q

A slightly acidic molecule with a high percentage of phosphorus, isolated from the nucleus

A

Nuclein

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4
Q

Who discovered the 3 major components of a single nucleotide

A

Phoebus Levene

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5
Q

The 3 major components of a nucleotide

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar
  • nitrogenous base
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6
Q

Who discovered that nucleotide composition of DNA varies among species?

A

Erwin Chargaff

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7
Q

They discovered x-ray crystallography

A
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Maurice Wilkins
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8
Q

They discovered the double helix structure of DNA and won a Nobel Prize in 1962

A
  • James Watson
  • Francis Crick
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9
Q

They disproved the notion that proteins were genetic material

A
  • Griffith
  • Avery
  • Hershey
  • Chase
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10
Q

A process wherein bacterial form and function changes by an unknown hereditary substance, now known as DNA

A

Transformation
(S. Griffith)

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11
Q

They showed that DNA is the substance that transforms DNA

A
  • Avery
  • MacLeod
  • McCarty
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12
Q

They provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material of T2 phage

A
  • Hershey
  • Chase
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13
Q

An image taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 showing the helical structure of B-form DNA

A

Photograph 51

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14
Q

Who discovered the 2 forms of DNA (A-form & B-form)?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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15
Q

Who solved the basic mathematics of helical diffraction theory and proposed Wilkin’s x-ray diffraction data indicates a helical structure of DNA?

A

Alec Stokes

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16
Q

Who discovered the a-helix and b-sheet structure of proteins?

A

Linus Pauling

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17
Q

Who pioneered the paper chromatography of nucleic acids to determine how much of each of the nucleotide components was contained in a DNA sample?

A

Erwin Chargaff

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18
Q

Who took the definitive picture of DNA using x-rays?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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19
Q

What is the name given to the shape of DNA?

A

Double Helix

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20
Q

They built the 3D model of the DNA double helix

A
  • Watson
  • Crick
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21
Q

The sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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22
Q

DNA monomers are called […]

A

nucleotides

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23
Q

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a process called […]

A

replication

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24
Q

[…] are made up of thousands of shorter DNA segments called genes

A

Chromosomes

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25
Q

These store the directions for making proteins

A

Genes

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26
Q

Replication always starts at specific locations on the DNA called […]

A

origins of replication

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27
Q

Two Y-shaped structures opened by helicase during replication

A

Replication Forks

28
Q

An opened region of DNA as a result of helicase separating the two DNA strands during replication

A

Replication Bubble

29
Q

An enzyme that unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

A

Helicase

30
Q

A protein that binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template

A

Single-strand binding protein

31
Q

An enzyme that relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

32
Q

An enzyme that synthesizes an RNA primer at the 5’ end of the leading strand and at the 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of the lagging strand

A

Primase

33
Q

An enzyme that uses parental DNA as a template to synthesize a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or to a pre-existing DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase III

34
Q

An enzyme that removes the RNA nucleotides of primers from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

35
Q

An enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand and joins the 3’ end of DNA that replaces the primer to the rest of the leading strand

A

DNA ligase

36
Q

Errors in DNA replication causes […]

A

mutation

37
Q

A region in the DNA that acts as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind

A

Promoter Region

38
Q

A region in the DNA that acts as recognition site for DNA polymerase and mRNA to dissociate

A

Terminator Region

39
Q

A stage in DNA transcription where the RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and unwinds the DNA double helix

A

Initiation Stage

40
Q

A stage in DNA transcription where the RNA polymerase slides along the template DNA strand and adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule

A

Elongation Stage

41
Q

A stage in DNA transcription where the RNA polymerase, the DNA strand, and the mRNA transcript dissociate from each other

A

Termination Stage

42
Q

Regions in the mRNA made during transcription that code for a protein

A

Exons

43
Q

Regions in the mRNA made during transcription that do not code for a protein

A

Introns

44
Q

A process of mRNA modification wherein a 5’ cap and a 3’ poly-A tail are added to make the mRNA useable for translation

A

Intron Splicing

45
Q

A complex of proteins and RNA that removes the intron segments and joins the adjacent exons to produce a mature mRNA useable for translation

A

Spliceosome

46
Q

During transcription, a 5’ cap is added to the mRNA. What is this made up of?

A

A modified guanine nucleotide

47
Q

During transcription, a 3’ poly-A tail is added to the mRNA. What is this made up of?

A

50-250 adenine nucleotides

48
Q

mRNA nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called […]

A

codons

49
Q

How many codons are in the genetic code?

A

64

50
Q

The start codon

A

AUG
(methionine)

51
Q

The 3 stop codons

A
  • UGA
  • UAG
  • UAA
52
Q

A stage in DNA translation where:
- The small ribosomal unit attaches to the start codon
- A specific amino acid from a tRNA binds to the codon
- The large ribosomal unit binds to form the translation complex

A

Initiation Stage

53
Q

A stage in DNA translation where:
- Individual amino acids are brought to the translation complex by a tRNA through complementary base pairing
- The charged tRNA binds to the A site
- A peptide bond forms between its amino acid and the one at the P site
- The translation complex slides down one codon and the previous, now uncharged tRNA exits from the E site
- This process continues until a stop codon is reached

A

Elongation Stage

54
Q

A stage in DNA translation where:
- A release factor binds to the A site at a stop codon
- The polypeptide is released from the tRNA in the P site
- The translation complex dissociates from the mRNA

A

Termination Stage

55
Q

The experiment that proved DNA replication is semi-conservative

A

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

56
Q

A system for recognizing and repairing errors in DNA replication

A

Mismatch Repair

57
Q

A gene repair pathway wherein one damaged base is replaced by a new one

A

Base Excision Repair

58
Q

A gene repair pathway wherein a long strand of 24 or so damaged nucleotides are replaced by new ones; Often caused by UV radiation

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

59
Q

A gene repair pathway wherein a double strand break is fixed by using an undamaged DNA template and interlacing them to exchange nucleotide sequences to fill the missing gaps; Often caused by high-frequency radiation

A

Homologous Recombination

60
Q

A gene repair pathway wherein a double strand break is fixed by trimming the damaged nucleotides and fusing the broken ends together; Often caused by high-frequency radiation

A

Non-homologous Recombination

61
Q

This refers to the removal of cells, tissues, or organs from an organisms to be placed into an artificial environment conducive to their growth

A

Tissue Culture

62
Q

This refers to the sequencing, analysis, and cutting-and-pasting of DNA

A

DNA Technology

63
Q

This refers to the removal of cells from an animal and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment

A

Cell Culture

64
Q

An in vitro process which aims to make many copies of a DNA region

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Template DNA
- DNA marker primer
- DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase)

65
Q

Applications of DNA marker analysis in rice research

A
  • Gene Mapping, Cloning, and Marker-Assisted Breeding
  • Cultivar Identification and Analysis of Seed Purity
  • Evaluation of Germplasm Resource

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