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Cell & Molecular Biology > Unit 2: Biochemistry of the Cell > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biochemistry of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

In human tissues, water content ranges from […] in bones and […] in brain cells

A
  • 20%
  • 85%
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2
Q

The 5 basic properties of water

A
  • cohesion and adhesion
  • good solvent
  • lower density as a solid
  • high specific heat
  • high heat of vaporization
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3
Q

A property of water referring to its hydrogen bonding with other water molecules

A

Cohesion
- surface tension

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4
Q

A property of water referring to its hydrogen bonding with other substances

A

Adhesion
- capillary action
- meniscus

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5
Q

What makes water a good solvent?

A

Its polarity

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6
Q

Compounds made up of hydrocarbons

A

Organic Compound

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7
Q

The 4 classes of biological macromolecules

A
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • nucleic acids
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8
Q

The main source of energy of the body

A

Simple Carbohydrates

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9
Q

The body’s long term storage for energy

A

Complex Carbohydrates

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10
Q

A simple test used to detect the presence of carbohydrates

A

Iodine Test

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11
Q

A glucose polymer in plants:
- used as storage for energy
- contains amylose and amylopectin

A

Starch

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12
Q

A glucose polymer in plants:
- used for structure and support
- contains unbranched glucose units

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

A glucose polymer in animals:
- used as storage for energy found in the liver
- contains branched glucose units

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

The 5 various uses of glycogen

A
  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • cushion
  • muscle growth (anabolic steroids)
  • waterproofing surfaces
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15
Q

Made up of fatty acid monomers with a glycerol backbone and a fatty acid tail

A

Fats

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16
Q

A glycerol group with 3 fatty acid chains

A

Triglyceride

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17
Q

A simple test used to determine the presence of lipids

A

Emulsion Test

18
Q

The 5 various functions of proteins

A

MEANS
- membrane component
- enzymes
- antibodies
- non-steroid hormones
- structure

19
Q

The […] of a protein determines its function

A

shape

20
Q

A type of protein structure consisting of a sequence of a chain of amino acids

A

Primary Protein Structure

21
Q

A type of protein structure consisting of repeating patterns of amino acids caused by hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone

A

Secondary Protein Structure

22
Q

A type of protein structure consisting of three-dimensional folding patterns due to side chain interactions

A

Tertiary Protein Structure

23
Q

A type of protein structure consisting of more than one amino acid chain

A

Quaternary Protein Structure

24
Q

The 7 types of proteins according to function

A

SCTSHEP
- structural
- contractile
- transport
- storage
- hormonal
- enzymes
- protection

25
Q

A chemical signaling protein that causes cells to take up glucose from the blood and convert it into glycogen

A

Insulin

26
Q

Low hemoglobin levels are associated with these 3 conditions

A
  • kidney disease
  • liver disease
  • anemia
27
Q

Elevated hemoglobin levels are associated with these 3 conditions

A
  • chronic lung disease
  • dehydration
  • heart failure
28
Q

An enzyme that breaks down proteins

A

Pepsin

29
Q

Enzymes which are molecule-specific and are folded specific to its function

A

Lock and Key Model

30
Q

The 4 factors affecting enzyme activity

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • enzyme concentration
  • substrate concentration
31
Q

The information molecule

A

DNA

32
Q

Made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA called genes

A

Chromosomes

33
Q

These store the directions for making proteins

A

Genes

34
Q

Each gene is further divided into 3 nucleotide subsegments called […]

A

codons

35
Q

Each nucleotide monomer is built from these 3 simple molecular parts

A
  • deoxyribose sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base
36
Q

Why is adenine always hydrogen bonded to thymine?

A

A and T each have one donor and one acceptor

37
Q

Why is cytosine always hydrogen bonded to guanine?

A

C has one donor and two acceptors while G has two donors and one acceptor

38
Q

This rule states that in DNA, there is always equality in quantity between the bases A & T and the bases G & C

A

Chargaff’s Rule

39
Q

These function in cellular protein synthesis

A

RNA

40
Q

A type of RNA that carries DNA instructions to ribosomes

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

41
Q

A type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

42
Q

A type of RNA that makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Cell & Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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