Unit 6: Biological Maturation Flashcards
What is the purpose of functional movement screens
to identify inefficient movement patterns that are indicative of increase injury risk
What are the short comings of previous uses of FMS
small sample size, limited control for maturity, difficulty interpreting the FMS data
what are 7 movements of the FMS
Deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, trunk stability push up, rotary stability, active straight leg raise
What is FMS scored out of
Scored out of 3
-3= perfect repetition
-2=completion of a repetition with compensation
-1=an inability to complete the movement
-0=Pain was elicited during the movement
Total score out of 21
What is the cut off score for an indicated risk of injury
equal to or below a 14
When is peak height velocity for males vs females
females: 12
Males: 14
What can PHV be estimated to
+/- 1 year 95% of the time
What is PHV
a somatic biological maturity indicator and that reflects the maximum velocity in statural growth during adolescence
What are the stages of PHV
Stage 1: more than of equal to -2 years away from PHV
Stage 2: between -1 and -2 years away from PHV
Stage 3: Between -1 and +1 years away from PHV
Stage 4: between +2 and +1 years away from PHV
Stage 5: more than or equal to +2 years away from PHV
What was the purpose of the experiment
to compare cross-sectional FMS scores across four hockey age groups and five stages of maturity, in male, adolescent ice hockey players
and
To determine if years of unilateral sport-specific training is correlated with movement asymmetries identified by the FMS
Research questions
- Was there a significant difference in mean FMS total score across the four hockey age groups in male AAA hockey players
- was there a significant difference in mean FMS total score across the five stages of maturity in male AAA hockey players
- Does physical maturity contribute to FMS total score beyond the effect of age in male AAA hockey players
- Were there significant differences in frequencies of left/right asymmetries across the four hockey age in AAA hockey players
5.Was there a significant difference in the left and right asymmetries across the five stages of maturity in male AAA hockey players - Is there a relationship between FMS TS FMS frequencies of left/right asymmetries and total years of hockey participation
- Is there a relationship between FMS TS, FMS frequencies of left/right asymmetries and years of elite level AAA hockey participation beyond total years of hockey participation
What were the hypotheses for this experiment
-FMS total score will increase with an increase in chronological age and maturity of all athletes screened
-There will be no significant differences in frequencies of left/right asymmetries or frequencies of 1,2,3 across the four hockey age groups or across the five stages of maturity
-maturity will contribute to the prediction of FMS TS beyond chronological age
-there will be an increase in frequencies of left/right asymmetries across years of elite hockey participation
What was the experimental study design
-cross-sectional data was collected during the competitive hockey season following scheduled practice time
-a letter of introduction, consent forms and a hockey experience questionnaire were emailed to all participants in advance
-physical assessments included: anthropometric measures (height, sitting height, weight, a measure of grip strength, measure of flexibility) and then FMS
Atom level participants
born 2008 to 2009 (9.8 average age)
primarily in stage 1 of maturity
Peewee level participants
born 2006/2007 (11.8 average age)
-relatively evenly distributed across stage 1 and stage 2
Bantam level participants
born 2004/2005 (13.9)
Mostly in stage 3, couple stage 2 or 4
midget level participants
Born 2003/2002 (15.7)
Mostly in stage 4 or 5, couple in stage 3
Participant descriptives
25% played no other sport
many played soccer, baseball or lacrosse
those who played other sports usually played them at travel level
Methodology for strength assessment
-grip strength protocol development by fess &m moran
-measurements were preformed 3x with a 15 second rest between maximum reps
-the highest score will be used for the purpose of analysis
Methodology for Flexibility Assessment
-standardized sit and reach protocol developed by well and Dillon
-measurements were preformed 2x with a 15 second rest between reps
-The highest score will be used for the purpose of this analysis
Methodology of the FMS
-participants were briefed on the purpose and procedures of preforming the seven FMS
-a demonstration of each movement was provided to ensure the subjects understood the movement pattern
-participants were given 3 attempts to complete the movement to the best of their ability and the highest score was recorded
- For consistency during data collection, all administrators were trained in the FMS
Statistical Analysis
-one-way ANOVA’s were used to investigate the differences in grip strength and sit and reach independently across groups
-Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to determine where the significant differences were located
-relative strength and sit and reach scores were used to determine the relationship between strength, flexibility and FMS TS
-multiple partial correlation coefficient were calculated to identify relationships between FMS TS, years of hockey experience and years of AAA hockey with age as the covariate
-An independent t-test was conducted to determine if there was a significant difference in FMS TS, when playing another competitive sport or not
- A chi-square test for association was conducted to determined significant differences in frequencies of left/right asymmetries across the four hockey age groups or across the five stages of maturity
-
In what ways were the FMS movements analyzed
- FMS total score
- FMSmove, FMSflex, FMSstab
-FMSmove tests: deep squat, hurdle step and inline lunge
-FMSflex tests: shoulder mobility and active straight leg raise
-FMSstab tests: trunk stability push-up and rotary stability - Multiple regression analuses were used to predict FMS TS as a function of age, maturity, relative strength and flexibility
- Frequencies of individual movement scores
-All participants were injury free, therefore no participants scored a 0
Results
-FMS TS increased with age and maturity
-Sit in reach generally increased with age and maturity
-Increase in FMS TS with age is a result of an increase in FMSmove and FMSstab
-Increase in FMS TS with maturity is a result of FMSstab
- Age, flexibility and maturity were seen to significantly correlated with FMS TS
-Flexibility had the highest correlation coefficient (scored higher on 4 out of 7 FMS)
-physical maturity does not contribute to FMS TS beyond chronological age
Trunk stability results
Majority of Atoms not able to complete movement (41), majority of midgets able to complete perfect repetition
- When TSPU is removed, no differences across age groups or maturity
Frequencies of asymmetries
In-line lunge: 35.5% in bantam
hurdle step: 28% and 26.7% in peewee and atom
-also see significance in early maturity stages
Discussion of study
-FMS total score increase with chronological age
-no significant differences were found in left and right asymmetries across the four hockey age groups and five stages of maturity
-no significant correlation were found between frequencies of asymmetries and years of playing hockey
-younger participants did not have the required upper body strength to preform TSPU properly
-Maturity did not have an added effect on FMS TS beyond age
-age, maturity and flexibility were significantly correlated to FMS TS
-Flexibility is the strongest predictor of FMS TS
practical application
-Results provided insight into the application and interpretation of FMS scores in an athletic adolescent population
-Suggest that normal growth and development is a strong determinant of movement efficiency, meaning that older and more physically mature adolescents typically score higher
-the unilateral nature of ice hockey did not result in any association between asymmetries and years of participation
Scoring a deep squat: level 3
-torso is parallel with tibia or towards vertical
-femur is below horizontal
-knees do not track inside of feet
-dowel aligned over feet
Scoring a deep squat: level 2
torso is parallel with tibia
femur is below horizontal
knees do not track inside of feet
dowel aligned over feet
heels are elevated
Scoring a deep squat: level 1
tibial and torso not parallel
femur is not below horizontal
knees track inside of feet
dowel is not aligned over feet
scoring a hurdle step: Level 3
Hips, knees and ankles remain aligned in the sagittal plane
minimal to no movement in lumbar spine
dowel and hurdle remain parallel
Scoring a hurdle step: level 2
alignment is lost between hips, knees and ankles
movement in lumbar spine
dowel and hurdle do not remain parallel
Scoring a hurdle step: level 1
inability to clear the cord during the hurdle
loss of balance
Scoring a Inline lunge: level 3
dowel contact maintained
dowel remains vertical
minimal to no torso movement
dowel and feet remain in sagittal plane
knee touches the center of the board
front foot remains in start position
Scoring the Inline lunge: Level 2
dowel contact not maintained
dowel does not remain vertical
movement in torso
dowel and feet do not remain in sagittal plane
knee does not touch center of the board
flat front foot does not remain in start position
Scoring the Inline lunge: level 1
loss of balance by stepping off the board
inability to complete movement pattern
inability to get into set up position
Scoring the Shoulder mobility: level 3
Fists are within one hand length
Scoring the shoulder mobility: level 2
flats are within one and a half hand lengths
Scoring the shoulder mobility: level 1
Fists are not within one and a half hand lengths
Scoring the active-straight leg raise: level 3
vertical line of the malleolus resides between mid-thigh and ASIS
the non-moving limb remains in neutral position
Scoring the active-straight leg raise: level 2
vertical line of the malleolus resides between mid-thigh and joint line
the non-moving limb remains in a neutral position
Scoring the active-straight leg raise: level 1
vertical line of the malleolus resides below the joint line
the non-moving limb remains in neutral position
Scoring the trunk stability push-up: level 3
Men preform a repetition with thumbs aligned with the top of the forehead
women preform a repetition with thumbs aligned with the clavicle
the body lifts as a unit with no lag in the spine
Scoring the trunk stability push-up: level 2
Men preform a repetition with thumbs aligned with the chin
women preform a repetition with thumbs aligned with the clavicle
the body lifts with no lag in the spine
Scoring the trunk stability push-up: level 1
men are unable to preform a repetition with thumbs aligned with the chin
women are unable to preform a repetition with thumbs aligned with the clavicle
Scoring the rotary stability: level 3
preforms a correct unilateral repetition
unilateral limbs remain over the board
without touching down- touch the same side elbow to the same-side knee over the board
Scoring the rotary stability: level 2
Preforms a correct diagonal repetition
the diagonal knee and elbow meet over the board
without touching down the opposite elbow and knee over the board
Scoring the rotary stability: level 1
Inability to preform diagonal repetition
