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Growth and Maturation > Unit 4: Body Composition & Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Unit 4: Body Composition & Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different body composition models

A

Level 1 Atomic, level 2 molecular, level 3 cellular, level 4 tissue, level 5 whole body

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2
Q

Atomic body composition model

A

Includes oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements
-allows us to break down the body to the atomic level
-95% of our body is O, C, H and N
-4.5% of our body is Na, K, P, Cl, Ca, Mg, S

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3
Q

Molecular body composition model

A

includes water, protein, minerals, glycogen and lipids
- separates body components into different molecules
-A lot of this work was assessed in the 1900s, via cadaver studies

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4
Q

Cellular body composition model

A

includes cells, extracellular fluids and solids
-body composition is the sum of all the cells in the body and all the fluids that live extracellularly in the body
- Body composition = cells + extracellular fluids/ solids
-cell mass = intracellular fluids / solids
-Fat mass = sum the total of all adipocytes in the body
-body weight = sum of all the cells

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5
Q

What is body composition made up of on a cellular level

A

body composition = cells + extracellular fluids / solids

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6
Q

What is cell mass made up of on a cellular level

A

Cell mass= intracellular fluids / solids

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7
Q

What is fat mass made up of on the cellular level

A

fat mass = sum the total of all adipocytes in the body

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8
Q

what is body weight comprised of on the cellular level

A

sum of all the cells

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9
Q

Tissue level body composition model

A

includes skeletal muscle, visceral, skeleton, adipose and residual
-body composition=sum of the specific issues interested in the study
-body is made up of muscle, adipose, bone, blood, organs and brain

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10
Q

Whole body level body composition model

A

we can look at the whole-body size, shape, physique
-measure using anthropometry
-body volume and density used to estimate relative body fat

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11
Q

What is the skin comprised of

A

Hair, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue

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12
Q

Hair in skin

A

keeps us warm, protects sensitive areas form dust/ debris

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13
Q

Role of Epidermis

A

provides a barrier against UV radiation, chemicals, bacteria

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14
Q

Role of Dermis

A

connective tissue, assist in thermoregulation and aids in sensation

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15
Q

Role of subcutaneous tissue

A

(Fat) insulating the body, cushions the body stores energy

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16
Q

Visceral adipose tissue

A

organ linings

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17
Q

Adipose tissue in babies and childern

A

babies lose body heat more easily than adults due to their size and the extra adipose tissue helps regulate body temperature by providing insulation

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18
Q

Changes in subcutaneous tissue as we age

A

our body fat typically increases until about age 70 but fat distribution changes
-decreases in face, hands and feet
-increases in the thighs and abdomen

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19
Q

10 methods for estimating body composition

A

Skinfolds, body circumference measurements, dual-energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, hydrostatic weighing, air displacement plethysmography (body pod), Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIs), electrical impedance myography (EIM) 3D body scanners, multi-compartment models

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20
Q

Skinfolds

A

-has been used to estimate body fat for >50 years
-measure the thickness of your subcutaneous fat
-7-site measurement: axilla, chest, abdominal, subscapular, suprailiac triceps, thigh

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21
Q

Advantages of skinfolds

A

affordable, measurement can be taken quickly, portable

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22
Q

Disadvantages of skinfolds

A

method of collecting data requires practice, if done incorrectly can hurt

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23
Q

Body circumference measurements

A

-uses flexible measuring tape
-shape of your body can provide information about your body fat
-used by the military along with age and height to calculate body fat
-neck, waist and hips

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24
Q

advantages of body circumference measurements

A

easy, affordable, portable

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25
Q

Disadvantages of body circumference measurements

A

not considered an ideal method of measuring body fat - doesn’t take into account muscle vs fat

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26
Q

Dual- Energy X-Ray absorptiometry

A

DXA uses X-rays of 2 different energies to estimate your body fat percentage
-one low energy and one high
- Patient lies on back for 10-minutes, W-ray scans over them

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27
Q

DXA advantages

A

provides accurate and detailed information including a breakdown of different body regions and body density readings

28
Q

DXA disadvantages

A

does not take into account muscle vs fat

29
Q

Hydrostatic weighting

A

(underwater weighing)
- relies on densitometry
-density=mass/ unit volume
-water =1.0gm/cm^3
-fat= 0.9007 gm/cm^3
-lean = 1.100 gm/cm^3

30
Q

Disadvantages of hydrostatic weighting

A

under water weight is quite a low number compared to out of water weight
not ideal for childern under 7 or individuals who are uncomfortable with being submerged under water

31
Q

Bod Pod

A

a computer-based egg shape device that measures your weight and volume to determine your body density and calculate your percentage of body fat
-sit inside bod pod for about 3 minutes
-pressure changes feel similar to airplane or elevator

32
Q

What information does the bod pod provide

A

% fat, %fat free mass, fat mass, fat free mass, body fat rating

33
Q

Bioelectrical Impedance analysis (BIA)

A

makes an estimation of body composition
-runs a small electrical current through the body
-uses resistance of the body
-dehydration, consuming meals and exercise are recognized factors affecting BIA results (about +/- 5 kg)
-current moves slower through fat
- measures total body water

34
Q

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS)

A

Non-invasive, passes low strength, painless electrical currents through the body measuring the flow of the current
-measures body’s resistance to currents
-uses a multiple frequencies
BIS is able to not only measure total body water but can differentiate between extracellular water and intracellular water
-can estimate body cell mass

35
Q

Electrical Impedance Myography (EIM)

A

an electrical current is applied to a muscle or specific muscle group of interest
-more localized approach
-mostly used in examining muscle

36
Q

3D Body scanners

A

uses multiple infrared depth sensors
-multiple applications for these machines (airport security, fitness)
-very expensive

37
Q

Multicomponent models

A

Partition of body mass into meaningful components
Two-component model (traditional)
Three- component model

38
Q

Two-component model

A

body weight = fat free mass + fat mass

39
Q

three-component model

A

Body weight = total body water + fat free dry mass +fat mass
-TBW - largest component of weight
-FFDM - protein, glycogen, bone, soft tissue, minerals

40
Q

Why is it important to use the same brands throughout research experiments

A

slight differences between brands

41
Q

Changes in body density through growth

A

-not much of a sex difference in early childhood
-we have more info on body density at around 8-10 (hydrostatic weighing hard on children)
-slight increase after 12
-plateau around 14 in girls
-boys have higher body density than girls but have less fat %

42
Q

Do boys tend to increase or decrease in their percent of body fat

A

decrease

43
Q

Stages of adipogenesis

A

Adiphoblasts, preadipocytes, very small adipocytes, mature adipocytes

44
Q

Adipogenesis stage 1

A

Adiophoblasts- embryonic stage for the maturation of adipose tissue celss

45
Q

Adipogenesis stage 2

A

Preadipocyte- fat cell precursor

46
Q

Adipogenesis stage 3

A

very small adipocytes- very small drops of adipose tissue containing hormones

47
Q

Adipogenesis stage 4

A

Mature adipocytes - what we would see after birth

48
Q

Types of adipocytes

A

white, beige and brown

49
Q

White adipocytes

A
  • one fat droplet
    -few organelles
    -most abundant in adult life
    -located under skin and around internal organs as well as in central cavities of bones
    -stores energy
    -insulates the body, cusions vital organs and secrets body hormones
50
Q

Beige adipocytes

A

scattered among white adipocytes, sometimes generate heat

51
Q

Brown adipocytes

A

-many fat droplets
-many mitochondria
-generates heat
-more in fetal life and infancy
-upper back, above clavicles and around vertebrae

52
Q

Divisions of white adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous fat: greatest portion, cushions trauma, insulation of the bones and muscles
internal fat: protects the organs (intestines, kidneys and liver)

53
Q

White adipose tissues during prenatal developement

A

at 14 weeks gestation white adipose cells are noticeable, after 23 weeks they multiple and this is the rapid weight gain we see in the last trimester of growth

54
Q

White adipose tissues in newborns

A

about 5 billion adipocytes and are about 30 to 40 micrometer in diameter
-stored energy for extra-uterine life
-many babies will lose 1 to 2 pounds right after birth because it takes time for the digestive system to become more efficient

55
Q

White adipose tissue in postnatally

A

30-50 billion adipocytes in non-obese young adults
-80 to 100 micrometers in diameter
hyperplasia
-no immediate postnatal change
-age 1 to 2 through to middle childhood years we see an increase
-puberty- the number of fat cells doubles
-young adulthood the number of fat cells plateaus
-increase in fat cells is really stimulated with any over consumption of calories - in obese children there may be fat cells increase 8-12x the amounts

56
Q

What kinds of animals/ stages in human life is there a great amount of brown adipose tissue

A

animals that hibernate, babies, adult humans only have it in certain regions ( around kidneys, back of neck)
-after infancy brown adipose tissue shrinks and disappears in most areas of the body

57
Q

Characteristics of brown adipose tissue

A

higher proportion of mitochondria -allows for production of heat
Brown in color
responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis

58
Q

How does breast feeding affect obesity

A

breast fed babies are less likely to become obese children

59
Q

Trends in Steps per day

A

Decreases with age, increases with income, decreases with high body max index, decreases with the amount of tv one watches

60
Q

4 things families can do to prevent childhood obesity according to the CDC

A
  1. Model a healthy eating pattern - adopting a healthy eating pattern as a family helps children reach and maintain a healthy weight as they age
  2. Move more as a family - physically active youth have stronger muscles and bones, better cardiovascular fitness, and lower body fat compared to those that are inactive
  3. Set consistent sleep routines - Lack of sleep lead to lack of energy throughout the day to be physically active
  4. Replace screen time with family time- in children, screen time can lead to pour sleep, weight gain, and poor mental health. reducing screen time can free up time for family activities and can remove cues to eat unhealthy food
61
Q

How long should children ages 3-5 be active for in a day

A

Should be active throughout the day

62
Q

How long should children ages 6-17 be active for throughout the day

A

60 minutes of physical activity a day

63
Q

How many hours of sleep do children 6-12 need per night

A

9-12 hours per night

64
Q

how many hours a night do preschoolers need

A

11-13 hours per day (including naps)

65
Q

How many hours of sleep do children ages 13-18 need

A

8-10 per night

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