Unit 1 Flashcards
Def: Growth
refers to the changes in size and is the most dominant biological activity for the first two decades of life
What are the 3 underlying cellular processes of growth
- an increase in cell # (hyperplasia) through cell divisions
- an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) through an increase in functional units within a cell
- an increase in intercellular substances (accretion) causing binding or aggregation of cells in complex networks
What is Hyperplasia
an increase in cell number through cell division
its an intracellular genetic process through DNA replication creating functional identical cells
What is Hypertrophy
An increase in cell size through an increase in functional units within the cell protein and substrates. This is also an intracellular process
When does Neuron Hypertrophy occur
second half of pregnancy into postnatal life
when does muscle hypertrophy occur
during growth (early) and post puberty (resistance training)
what is Accretion
an increase in intercellular substrates through organic/inorganic material that binds or aggregates cells in networks
eg adipose tissue
Def: Maturation
The process of becoming mature or progress towards the mature state. It refers to the timing and temp of progress towards the mature biological state. This occurs in all tissues, organs and organ systems affecting enzymes, chemical composition and functions
Def: Maturity
refers to a state and can vary with the biological system in consideration
Why is maturation of the neuroendocrine system important
plays a major factor in sexual, skeletal and somatic maturation during late childhood and adolesence
Def: Timing
when specific maturation events occur
Def: Tempo
The rate at which maturation progresses or how quickly someone reaches growth milestones
What does the term development encompass
biological development: refers to the process of differentiating and specialization of stem cells into different cell types, tissues, organs and functional units
Behavioral Development: the development of competence in a variety of interrelated domains as child adjusts to their culture, value and behaviors
Behavioral development
consists of refinement of motor activities. through childhood developing basic movement patterns through learning and practice. Dependent on the rate of maturation, growth and maturity status
What factors affect development of motor skills
individual constraints, task constraints and environmental constraints
Def: Physical Activity
a behavior that occurs in a variety of forms and contexts. Consists of any body movement completed by the skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure
Importance of physical activity in children and adolescence
regulation of body weight and health in youth, creates habits and attitudes towards physical activity that can be carried over into adulthood and have long lasting effects on health as an adult
Def: Training for sport
systematic, specilized practice for a specific sport or sport discipline for most of the year or to a particular season
Def: Physical Fitness
an adaptive state that varies with an individuals growth and maturity status and with their physical activity habits and lifestyle, a subset of physical activity that is planned, sturctures and repetitive
Importance of physical activity in daily life
develop attitudes and habits, efficient function of systems, weight maintenance, reduced risk of degenerative disease, reduced risk of early mortality, increased quality of life
Variability factors of growth, maturation, development and physical activity
genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, nutritional status, accidental injury, culture, social environment, family environment, socioeconomic states, education
Def: Physical preformance
development and refinement of skills in a variety of motor activities
In what years of life are basic movements developed
first 7 to 8 years
Isometric Growth
The growth of an organ within the organism at the same rate as other parts of the body. Relative size of organs are the same and external features remain the same
Allometric Growth
Unequal growth in part of an organism in relation to its whole, organs grow at different rates, results in chnage in size and external shape
Four Phases of growth
rapid gain in infancy and early childhood, steady gain during mid-childhood, rapid gain during the adolescent spurt, slow increase until growth ceases with the attainment of adult stature
Def: Self-concept
the beliefs one holds about oneself
Def: Self-Esteem
the confidence in one’s own worth or abilities
Def: perceived competence
The extent to one feels they have necessary attributes to succeed
Chronological Age
measured at points in time, time since born
Actual chronological age vs adjusted chronological age
Actual age refers to time since birth, adjust time refers to time since due date
Infancy
First year of life
contains subgroups of preinatal (first week after birth), neonatal ( first month), post natal (remainder of the first year)
Childhood
Extends from end of infancy to start of adolescence
subgroups: early childhood (preschool), middle childhood (elementary school until grade 6)
Adolescence
Ages 10-18 WHO but the normal variation ranges for girls from 8-19 and for boys from 10-22
Within participant variation
growth, maturation and development in a individual overtime
Between participant variation
differences between children at the same age and of the same gender
between population variation
differences between various cultures or countries
Reasons to study growth, maturation and development
Evaluate status to compare an individual to a population, evaluate progress of an individual, predict future state, follow characteristics over time, generate reference data
Pros of training for high level sport
regular physical activity, stronger heart, body fat control, building muscle, reduced disease risk, overall improved fitness, development of social skills
Cons of training for high level sport
Child may fall behind in other skills, musculoskeletal injuries, stress and burnout
What does age of peak preformance depend on
endurance, strength, flexibility and power required for the sport
Cross-sectional research
measures participants at a specific age only once providing no rate of progress
Longitudinal Research
repeated observations on the same individuals over a long period of time
