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Growth and Maturation > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Def: Growth

A

refers to the changes in size and is the most dominant biological activity for the first two decades of life

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2
Q

What are the 3 underlying cellular processes of growth

A
  1. an increase in cell # (hyperplasia) through cell divisions
  2. an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) through an increase in functional units within a cell
  3. an increase in intercellular substances (accretion) causing binding or aggregation of cells in complex networks
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3
Q

What is Hyperplasia

A

an increase in cell number through cell division
its an intracellular genetic process through DNA replication creating functional identical cells

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4
Q

What is Hypertrophy

A

An increase in cell size through an increase in functional units within the cell protein and substrates. This is also an intracellular process

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5
Q

When does Neuron Hypertrophy occur

A

second half of pregnancy into postnatal life

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6
Q

when does muscle hypertrophy occur

A

during growth (early) and post puberty (resistance training)

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7
Q

what is Accretion

A

an increase in intercellular substrates through organic/inorganic material that binds or aggregates cells in networks
eg adipose tissue

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8
Q

Def: Maturation

A

The process of becoming mature or progress towards the mature state. It refers to the timing and temp of progress towards the mature biological state. This occurs in all tissues, organs and organ systems affecting enzymes, chemical composition and functions

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9
Q

Def: Maturity

A

refers to a state and can vary with the biological system in consideration

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10
Q

Why is maturation of the neuroendocrine system important

A

plays a major factor in sexual, skeletal and somatic maturation during late childhood and adolesence

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11
Q

Def: Timing

A

when specific maturation events occur

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12
Q

Def: Tempo

A

The rate at which maturation progresses or how quickly someone reaches growth milestones

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13
Q

What does the term development encompass

A

biological development: refers to the process of differentiating and specialization of stem cells into different cell types, tissues, organs and functional units
Behavioral Development: the development of competence in a variety of interrelated domains as child adjusts to their culture, value and behaviors

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14
Q

Behavioral development

A

consists of refinement of motor activities. through childhood developing basic movement patterns through learning and practice. Dependent on the rate of maturation, growth and maturity status

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15
Q

What factors affect development of motor skills

A

individual constraints, task constraints and environmental constraints

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16
Q

Def: Physical Activity

A

a behavior that occurs in a variety of forms and contexts. Consists of any body movement completed by the skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure

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17
Q

Importance of physical activity in children and adolescence

A

regulation of body weight and health in youth, creates habits and attitudes towards physical activity that can be carried over into adulthood and have long lasting effects on health as an adult

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18
Q

Def: Training for sport

A

systematic, specilized practice for a specific sport or sport discipline for most of the year or to a particular season

19
Q

Def: Physical Fitness

A

an adaptive state that varies with an individuals growth and maturity status and with their physical activity habits and lifestyle, a subset of physical activity that is planned, sturctures and repetitive

20
Q

Importance of physical activity in daily life

A

develop attitudes and habits, efficient function of systems, weight maintenance, reduced risk of degenerative disease, reduced risk of early mortality, increased quality of life

21
Q

Variability factors of growth, maturation, development and physical activity

A

genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, nutritional status, accidental injury, culture, social environment, family environment, socioeconomic states, education

22
Q

Def: Physical preformance

A

development and refinement of skills in a variety of motor activities

23
Q

In what years of life are basic movements developed

A

first 7 to 8 years

24
Q

Isometric Growth

A

The growth of an organ within the organism at the same rate as other parts of the body. Relative size of organs are the same and external features remain the same

25
Q

Allometric Growth

A

Unequal growth in part of an organism in relation to its whole, organs grow at different rates, results in chnage in size and external shape

26
Q

Four Phases of growth

A

rapid gain in infancy and early childhood, steady gain during mid-childhood, rapid gain during the adolescent spurt, slow increase until growth ceases with the attainment of adult stature

27
Q

Def: Self-concept

A

the beliefs one holds about oneself

28
Q

Def: Self-Esteem

A

the confidence in one’s own worth or abilities

29
Q

Def: perceived competence

A

The extent to one feels they have necessary attributes to succeed

30
Q

Chronological Age

A

measured at points in time, time since born

31
Q

Actual chronological age vs adjusted chronological age

A

Actual age refers to time since birth, adjust time refers to time since due date

32
Q

Infancy

A

First year of life
contains subgroups of preinatal (first week after birth), neonatal ( first month), post natal (remainder of the first year)

33
Q

Childhood

A

Extends from end of infancy to start of adolescence
subgroups: early childhood (preschool), middle childhood (elementary school until grade 6)

34
Q

Adolescence

A

Ages 10-18 WHO but the normal variation ranges for girls from 8-19 and for boys from 10-22

35
Q

Within participant variation

A

growth, maturation and development in a individual overtime

36
Q

Between participant variation

A

differences between children at the same age and of the same gender

37
Q

between population variation

A

differences between various cultures or countries

38
Q

Reasons to study growth, maturation and development

A

Evaluate status to compare an individual to a population, evaluate progress of an individual, predict future state, follow characteristics over time, generate reference data

39
Q

Pros of training for high level sport

A

regular physical activity, stronger heart, body fat control, building muscle, reduced disease risk, overall improved fitness, development of social skills

40
Q

Cons of training for high level sport

A

Child may fall behind in other skills, musculoskeletal injuries, stress and burnout

41
Q

What does age of peak preformance depend on

A

endurance, strength, flexibility and power required for the sport

42
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

measures participants at a specific age only once providing no rate of progress

43
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

repeated observations on the same individuals over a long period of time

Growth and Maturation (8 decks)

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