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Growth and Maturation > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major types of studies

A

Case study, cross sectional, longitudinal and mixed cross sectional and longitudinal

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2
Q

what are the other names for a mixed cross sectional and longitudinal study

A

cross-sequential or mixed longitudinal

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3
Q

What is a Case study

A

a research design that focuses on one person or one event

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4
Q

What are case studies useful for

A

when there is a need to obtain an in-depth appreciation of an issue, event or phenomenon of interest, in its natural real-life context

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5
Q

What is a cross-sectional design

A

a measure of individuals at a given age only once in the sample. It acts as a snapshot at the age sex or specific group. Provides information on the status of the individuals and there can be variability within the sample group

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6
Q

What is a longitudinal design

A

a repeated measurement of the same group of individuals over a long period of time. provides information on status and change over time including rate of change in growth and maturation

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7
Q

what is the difference between the two types of mixed longitudinal designs

A

one design has no overlap between ages in various cohorts and the other has overlap within the cohorts

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8
Q

What features are the same in both types of mixed longitudinal designs

A

both have same start and end times among cohorts, both have different start and end ages across cohorts and both require individuals to be measured repeatedly

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9
Q

What are the pros and cons of a longitudinal study

A

takes 20-25 years
costs lots of money
requires a long term research team
commitment of participants for long periods
technology changes over time

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10
Q

Pros and cons of cross-sectional design

A

short term study
less money
shorter commitment
technology more stable
must be careful with sample size calculation
only provides information on status

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11
Q

pros and cons of mixed longitudinal

A

recruit participants at different starting ages
measure each group for 4 years
overlap ages
more practical length
we can only speculate that we would see similar results in a true longitudinal design

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12
Q

What are measurements taken of in these types of studies

A

dimensions, preformance or level of activity

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13
Q

what devices are used to record data in these types of experiements

A

ultrasounds, scales, calipers, ergometers, accelerometers and tape measures along with other equipment

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14
Q

what underlying processes may you be observing in these types of studies

A

stages of maturity or patterns of activity

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15
Q

What is the use of an ultrasound in prenatal growth assessment

A

fetal number
fetal age
fetal position
identify deformities
identify sex at about 12 weeks

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16
Q

How does a ultrasound work

A
  1. high frequency sound waves are sent through the abdomen through the device
  2. the waves are reflected back towards the transducer
  3. the transducer detects the distances travelled by the waves
  4. the sound waves are converted into a video or photo format
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17
Q

Why is the onset of pregnancy difficult to measure

A

a healthy sperm can live inside a women’s body for 2-5 days, sperm must reach a released egg and fertilize it which can take about 24 hours and then the fertilized egg will travel through the fallopian tube entering the uterus which can take another 3-4 days`

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18
Q

When is the period of the egg

A

the first 2 weeks after fertilization

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19
Q

When is the period of the embryo

A

after the first two weeks, the cells implant themselves into the wall of the uterus beginning the period of the embryo through 8 weeks

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20
Q

when is the period of the fetus

A

9 weeks until 40 weeks or birth

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21
Q

Features of the embryo at 5 weeks

A

-cells have burrowed into the wall of the uterus
-measures approximately 2mm
-the foundations for all major organs are in place
-the baby is indie an amniotic sac

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22
Q

features of fetus at 9 weeks

A

-The head has straightened out and more fully developed
-the ears are continuing to grow
-toes are visible
-all of the babies essential organs have begun to develop
-size of macoroni

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23
Q

features of fetus at 9 weeks

A

-The head has straightened out and more fully developed
-the ears are continuing to grow
-toes are visible
-all of the babies essential organs have begun to develop
-size of macaroni

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24
Q

Features of fetus at 11 weeks

A

-heart is formed and pumping
-brain is still developing
-nerves and muscles are starting to work now
-size of brussels sprout

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25
Q

Features of fetus at 14 weeks

A

-sex becomes apparent
-head is getting rounder
-almost 3.5in long or the size of a nectarine

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26
Q

features of a fetus at 18 weeks

A

-yawn
-hiccupping
-swallowing
-the size of baby shampoo or 8.33in

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27
Q

features of a fetus at 22 weeks

A

-eyelids fused shut still but eyes start moving
-tear ducts are forming
-eye brows form
-baby becomes more responsive to external stimli
-size of an avacado

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28
Q

features of a fetus at 30 weeks

A

-hands are now formed and finger nails are growing
-baby is grabbing their feet
-kicking
-hair growth
-size of cabbage

29
Q

features of a fetus at 40 weeks

A

-measures about 22.2in on average
-weighs abut 7.6lbs
-lungs are the last organ to finish developing
-size of watermelon

30
Q

Most premature baby ever to survive

A

Amilla at 22 weeks
25cm
0.62lbs

31
Q

smallest baby ever to survive

A

saybie at 23 weeks
0.5lbs

32
Q

Are there risks if the baby is overdue

A

the baby may appear abnormally thin as a result of not receiving sufficient nutrition at the end of the pregnancy
-function of placenta decreases giving fewer nutrients and less oxygen

33
Q

What are somatic cells

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

34
Q

What is required for normal somatic growth

A

Integrated function of money of the hormonal, metabolic and other growth factors

35
Q

What are the three most common measurements done for newborn babies

A

weight, length and head circumference

36
Q

What is the ponderal Index

A

measurement similar to BMI used for low birth weight babies

37
Q

What is an anthropometric measurment

A

set of standardized techniques to systematically measure the body and its segments

38
Q

What are essential features for anthropometric measurments

A

defined landmarks, specific positions and appropriate instruments

39
Q

Head circumference

A

important from birth to age 3-4, measures brain growth, to find measurement tape measure is placed around the head just above the eye brows

40
Q

expected Infant Length growth

A

1 inch per month for the first 6 months of life and then 0.5 in for the next 6 months of life

41
Q

Factors affecting an infants height/weight/length

A

whether the baby was born prematurely or past their due date and if it was a single or multiple babies

42
Q

Factors affecting infant growth

A

genetics, diet and activity level

43
Q

What is the most important thing about a childs growth

A

That it maintains a health growth trend rather than measurements compared to other individuals

44
Q

Standing Height

A

an anthropometric measurement that requires standard instuction such as head, shoulders and butt against the wall while looking straight forward

45
Q

Sitting Height

A

an anthropometric measure that allows decomposing of stature and can be connected to disease and nutrition levels
-allows us to see torso length, thigh length and shin length

46
Q

Waist circumference

A

an anthropometric measure that assess obesity-related health risk. its preformed while standing around someones waist at their belly button during exhale

47
Q

Skinfolds

A

an anthropometric measure that indicates subcutaneous adipose tissue and change in growth and maturation. can be taken from 12 sites most commonly the triceps or subscapular area

48
Q

What can you calculate with subscapular skin folds

A

Body density and composition
-% fat
-fat weight
-fat-free weight
-body weight goals

49
Q

Assumptions made when preforming skinfolds

A

double fold of skin and adipose tissue with no muscle

50
Q

challenges when preforming skinfolds

A

inter-rater reliability - two different people may preform it two different ways
also painful if preformed incorrectly

51
Q

Value of preforming skinfolds

A

inexpensive, easy, identify direction of change

52
Q

Anthropometric data assumptions

A

accurate and reliable data
standardized techniques
training of the researchers

53
Q

Anthropometric data measurement errors

A

Intra-rater variability (consistent individually)
Inter-rater variability (consistent between individuals)
instrument variability

54
Q

Systemic errors in anthropometric data

A

consistent over/under measuring, leads to directional error

55
Q

Technical errors of meaurement

A

instrument or user error

56
Q

participant variation errors

A

physiology (muscle tension or sweat interfering with measuring
temperament, cooperation, anxiety

57
Q

gender size differences

A

minimal difference pre-adolescence, early adolescence females have size advantage until males surpass females

58
Q

How can body size be measured

A

mass or stature

59
Q

What does body weight measurements include

A

bones, fat, organs

60
Q

body height meausrement

A

linear measurement from plantar surface to vertex of the skull including feet legs trunk neck and skull

61
Q

Changes in weight through the day

A

heaviest at the end of the day due to nutrition, hydration and physical activity that occured throughout the day

62
Q

Changes in height through the day

A

tallest in the morning, vertebral disks unload over not and compress during the day causing a difference of about a cm

63
Q

what does the ration between weight and height indicate

A

nutritional status in pre-adolescence, growth spurt in adolescence, obesity and health in adults

64
Q

what does the ratio between height and stature indicate

A

the portion of height accounted for by the trunk of leg

65
Q

what does the ratio between hip and shoulder width indicate

A

changes to the body often due to athletics and is most apparent during adolescence

66
Q

what is the technical name for hip to shoulder ratio

A

bicristal breadth to biacromial breadth

67
Q

The center for disease control and prevention growth charts

A

a reference for how children grew during a period in the US

68
Q

The WHO growth charts

A

contain data from breastfed babies, recommended for babies under 2

Growth and Maturation (8 decks)

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