unit 6 Flashcards
insecticide examples
1)organochlorine
2)organophosphate
herbicide examples
1) agent organe
2) paraquat
Organochlorine
ex. DDT
INCREASE neuron sensitivity and CNS stimulation
Organophosphate
ex. malathion
WWII warefare agent
inhibited AchE –> increased acetylcholine neuronal firing
Agent orange
used in viet war as defoilant
Mimicked plant growth hormones → Uncontrolled, unstable growth → plant death
Agent orange adverse effects
Impair liver and CNS function, increase some cancer risks, birth defects, and stillbirth
PARAQUAT
- Causes cellular damage, and burns mouth and stomach (when ingested)
- Mainly toxic for LUNGS
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL TOXIC EFFECTS
- Lead
- Mercury
- Bisphenol A
Lead Toxicity
- CNS (decrease appetitie)
- PNS (coordination)
- Kidneys (energy)
- Blood (decrease biosynthesis of heme)
Mercury Toxicity
- Mercuric Mercury (inhale vapour that accumualtes in kidneys)
ex. chelating agent - Methyl mercury (majority of toxic mercury absorbed from food: nerve cell death, tingling, vision/hearing lose)
ex. charcoal
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Makes polycarbonate
Used in epoxy resin
BPA Toxicity
Estrogen-like activity
Could cause reproductive cancers, fertility issues, and impact fetus brain development
Major Pharmaceutical Classes in the Environment
- Neuroactive Drugs (surface water, groundwater)
- Steroid Hormones (inhibit aquatic reporduction)
- Antibiotics (resistant strain in agricultural)
- Antihypertensive Drugs (surface water)
- Analgesics
How to Calculate Fold Difference
Fold Difference=
min therapeutic dose/daily intake
Most common cancers
lung (#1), breast, colorectal, prostate
Key Features of Cancer Cells
- Cell growth & division (multiply indefinitely)
- Invasion
- Metastasis (spread throughout body)
Cancer Treatment GOALS
- Prevent Cancer (top cancer cell growth or remove cancerous cells)
- Cure Cancer (only for some cancers)
- Control Cancer
- Relieve Symptoms (for pain or nausea)
What cancers does tobacco cause
lung, esophageal, bladder, pancreatic
What cancers does Adult Diet (saturated animal fat and red meat) cause
colon, rectum, prostate
What cancers does Viruses & Infections cause
Bacteria: Helicobacter pylori → stomach
Viruses: Hepatitis B and C → liver
HPV → cervical cancer
Cancer Treatment DRUGS
Surgery
Radiotherpay
Targeted Therapy
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
Inhibit DNA/protein syntheis or cell division
Alkylating Agents (bind/interfere with DNA replication)
* Mitotic Inhibitors (affect function/ formation of mitotic spindle, prevent cell division)
* Hormones and Hormone Antagonists (treat hormone sensitive tumours, suppress cell division)
* Biologicals (blocking cytokines needed for cell growth)
