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PHAR 100 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of sedation?

A

Relieve anxiety, decrease activity & excitement

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2
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

Produce drowsiness

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3
Q

What does anesthesia refer to?

A

State of unconsciousness with an absence of pain sensation

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4
Q

How do sedative hypnotics affect GABA neurons?

A

Increase inhibitory signalling from GABA neurons → decrease glutamate-induced nerve firing

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5
Q

What is the role of GABA in neuronal signalling?

A

GABA binds to and selectively opens chloride channels → chloride ions flow into postsynaptic neuron → depresses CNS neuronal signalling

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6
Q

List some drugs that bind to chloride channels.

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Barbiturates
  • Zopiclone & benzodiazepine-like drugs
  • Flumazenil
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7
Q

What percentage of Canadians are prescribed benzodiazepines?

A

5-10%

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8
Q

What is the route of administration for benzodiazepines?

A

Capsule/Tablet, occasionally intravenous or intranasal

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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines.

A

Receptor activated → frequency of chloride channel opening increases

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10
Q

What are some therapeutic effects of benzodiazepines?

A
  • Relaxation
  • Calmness
  • Relief from anxiety/tension
  • Skeletal muscle relaxation
  • Anticonvulsant effects
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11
Q

What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?

A

Flumazenil

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12
Q

List some short-term adverse effects of benzodiazepines.

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Lethargy
  • Fatigue
  • Impairment of thinking & memory
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13
Q

What are the long-term effects of benzodiazepine use?

A
  • Impaired thinking & slurred speech
  • Poor memory & judgment
  • Disorientation & incoordination
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14
Q

What risks do benzodiazepines pose to special populations?

A
  • Pregnant/chestfeeding: risk of fetal abnormalities, sedation, or death
  • Older Adults: Cognitive dysfunction, metabolize slower → cause over-sedation
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15
Q

True or False: Barbiturates have a high therapeutic index.

A

False

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16
Q

What are the three types of barbiturates based on duration?

A
  • Long-acting (1-2 days)
  • Short-acting (3-8 hours)
  • Ultra short-acting (20 min)
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17
Q

What is a major concern with barbiturates?

A

Can cause depression of respiration, particularly when combined with alcohol

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18
Q

What is a unique feature of Zopiclone and benzodiazepine-like drugs?

A

More sedative effects than anxiolytic effects

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Buspirone acts on _______ receptors.

A

SEROTONIN RECEPTOR

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20
Q

What percentage of ethanol is absorbed from the stomach and upper small intestine?

A

20% from stomach & 80% from upper small intestine

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21
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in ethanol metabolism?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

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22
Q

What is the half-life of THC?

A

Approximately 30 hours

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23
Q

List some short-term effects of cannabis (THC).

A
  • Relaxation
  • Euphoria
  • Impaired coordination
  • Increased appetite
24
Q

What are the long-term psychological effects of cannabis?

A
  • Memory loss
  • Poor concentration
  • Loss of abstract thinking
  • Amotivational syndrome
25
What is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis?
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
26
What are endogenous opioids?
Naturally occurring in the body; bind to opioid receptors and provide pain relief
27
What is the primary use of morphine?
Severe pain relief
28
What is a significant risk associated with opioid use?
Opioid use disorder (OUD)
29
What is the potency of codeine compared to morphine?
10x less potent than morphine ## Footnote Found in Tylenol 3® (codeine + acetaminophen + caffeine)
30
How potent is hydromorphone compared to morphine?
5x more potent than morphine
31
What is diacetylmorphine more commonly known as?
Heroin
32
What is the potency range of heroin compared to morphine?
2-5x more potent than morphine
33
What is the primary use of fentanyl and related compounds?
Used for severe pain
34
How much more potent is fentanyl compared to morphine?
100x more potent than morphine
35
What is loperamide used to treat?
Common side effects of opioids (constipation) and diarrhea
36
What is methadone used for?
Pain relief and OUD treatment
37
What are mu (μ) receptors involved in?
Pain relief & respiratory depression
38
Where are delta (δ) receptors primarily found?
In brain & spinal cord
39
What do kappa (κ) receptors mediate?
Pain relief/analgesia, dysphoria, and pupil constriction (miosis)
40
What is the primary mechanism of action of opioids?
Block pain pathways in the brain and spinal cord
41
What is one of the limiting factors of opioid use?
Respiratory depression
42
What effect do opioids have on the endocrine system?
Reduce release of sex hormones
43
What is miosis?
Pupil constriction
44
What are some short-term effects of opioids?
* Analgesia * Sedation & hypnosis * Cough suppression * Respiratory depression * Endocrine effects * Miosis * Heart rate & body temperature changes * Decreased intestinal mobility (Constipation)
45
What are the long-term effects of controlled opioid use?
No severe physiological or psychological deterioration
46
What is the main therapeutic use of opioids?
Pain relief
47
What is loperamide's role in opioid therapy?
Used for diarrhea treatment, not analgesic
48
True or False: High doses of opioids carry a higher risk of life-threatening effects.
True
49
What can cause severe respiratory depression leading to overdose?
High doses of opioids
50
What is naloxone used for?
Treating opioid overdose
51
What are common withdrawal symptoms from opioids?
* Restlessness * Anxiety * Insomnia * Sweating * Fever * Chills * Cramping * Vomiting * Diarrhea
52
What are the risks associated with opioid use during pregnancy?
* Premature birth * Low birth weight * Newborn withdrawal symptoms
53
What is buprenorphine used for?
Long-acting opioid that prevents withdrawal with less euphoria
54
What is the role of naloxone when combined with buprenorphine?
Blocks opioid receptors to prevent withdrawal symptoms
55
What is a key benefit of methadone in opioid use disorder treatment?
Prevents withdrawal with less misuse potential

PHAR 100 (11 decks)

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