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PHAR 100 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology was influenced by

A

-Ancient civilization
-Poisons
-Religion

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2
Q

Ancient civilization

A

-Greece
-Egypt
-China

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3
Q

Ancient Greece

A

Discovered opium (10% morphine + 0.5% codeine)

MORPHINE: relieves pain CODEINE: used in tylenol-3

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4
Q

Ancient Egypt

A

Form purgatives (like senna)

Helps bowl movement

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5
Q

Ancient China

A

Create Ma Huang
Ephedrine isolated from it

treats asthnma

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6
Q

Poison Types

A

Curare (used by Indigenous for hunting & anesthetics)
Ergot (poison fungus on rye)

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7
Q

Ergot Effects

A

1) Nervous –> frenzy, hallucination
2) Cardiovascular –> constricts blood vessels
3) Reproductive –> causes contractions of uterus

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8
Q

Ergot Use

A

Ergotamine (treats migraines)
Ergonovine (hasten birth, arrest uterine bleeding)

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9
Q

Religion

A

Peyote cactus used to achieve a “mystical state”
Contains MESCALINE (hallucination drug)

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10
Q

What is a drug

A

Any substance received by a biological system that is not received for nutritive purposes, and
which influences the biological function of the organism

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11
Q

_% of drugs today are dervied from plants

A

25%

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12
Q

2 major categories of drugs

A

1) act on brain
2) act against infectious diseases

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13
Q

Drugs that act on brain

A

Alter normal chemical signaling in brain

ex. LSD (hallucinogenic drug)

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14
Q

Drugs acting against INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

Any diseasen caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, parastites
ex. organoarsenicals, sulfa drug

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15
Q

Organarsenicals

A

Bind to parasites, cured syphilis

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16
Q

Sulfa Drugs

A

Treat bacterial diseases
PENICILLIN was the 1st antibiotic (used in gram + diseases)
STREPTOMYCLIN (used in gram - diseases)

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17
Q

Drug action steps

A

1) Drug targets
2) Drug response
3) Efficacy & potency
4) Therapeutic range

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18
Q

Drug targets

A

1) receptors
2) other targets

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19
Q

What are receptor targets

A

-many copies exist in cell
-have regulatory/functional role in cell
-bind/are activated by endogenous ligands

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

AGONIST drug

A

bind/stimulate receptors

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22
Q

ANTAGONIST drug

A

bind/block receptor

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23
Q

Other drug targets

A

Chemical: ANTACIDS (neutralize stomach acid)
Physical: CHOLESTYRAMINE (bind to bile acids preventing reabsorbtion & increasing bile sale elimination)

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24
Q

Drug response/Dose respone relationship

A

The dose is defined as the amount of drug taken

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25
What happens as you increase dose of drug
**Low dose **(little response) --> **Threshold **(certain # or receptors before an effect is seen) --> **Therapeutic dose** (small increase in dose produces large response) --> **maximal effect** (dose increase will ahve no therapeutic benefits)
26
Therapeutic Range
-The receptor threshold has been reached -Small changes in dose result in large changes in response
27
ED50
Dose of drug will cause 50% of maximal effect/effective on 50% of population
28
Efficacy
MAX pharmacological reponse produced by a drug
29
Potency
Dose of drug required to **produce response of certain magnitude ** (usually 50% of max response)
30
Therapeutic Range
Above min conc. but below unacceptable toxicity
31
Drug development 5 Steps
1) basic reseach and drug discovery 2) Preclinical trials (3-6 yrs) 3) clinical trials (phase I, II, III) (6-7 yrs) 4) Health Canada Review and manufacturing (0.5-2 years) 5) Post-market surveillance/Phase IV clinical trial (continuous)
32
Basic reseach and drug discovery
1) Identify Target 2) Study target
33
Preclinical Trials
Testing before humans * molecular & cellular * Tissue & whole animal Study PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY
34
Phase I
Evaluate: absorption, distribution, elimination, and adverse effects Find **TOLERABILITY**
35
Phase II
Determine if drug is **effetively** treating condition (test on those who have disease)
36
Bioequivalent
2 drugs (generic & brand name) with same active ingredients
37
Pharmokinetics
Movement of drug into, through & out of body
38
3 options for administration
1) Topical 2) Enteral 3) Parenteral
39
After administration, four key processes occur (ADME)
1) absorption 2) distribution 3) Metabolism 4) excretion
40
What does ADME determine
Determine the concentration of drug in the blood, and therfore the concentration of drug at the site of action
41
Topical
-on skin (mild/moderate skin infec.) -through skin/transdermal (absorbed into system) -inhalation (less of drug needed for effect)
42
Enteral
*via GI tract -mouth (most common) -rectum -sublingual & buccal
43
Parenteral
*bypasses GI tract/enters bloodstream -Intravenous (immediate effect) -Intramuscular -SSubcutaneous (deepest layer of skin)
44
1st pass effect
drug is first delived to liver --> contains enzymes that DECREASE amount of active drug left to enter the general circulation
45
Neurogenesis
Generates new neurons
46
Neuroplasticity
Continuous reshaping of connection between neurons
47
Synaptic Transmission
Passage of signal from one neuron to another
48
Glutamate
PRIMARY excitatory neurotransmistter -Acts on GLUTAMATERGIC RECEPTORS -important for LEARNING
49
Catecholamines
**Dopamine**: hormones, motor coordination, motivation & reward **Norepinephrine**: Bind to alpha and beta receptors --> excite cell (targeted by CNS stimulants)
50
Gaba | Gamma-amino butric acid
**Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter** in brain (CNS) CNS depressants enchance GABA
51
Serotonin
HYPERactivity: **Anxiety** HYPOactivity: **Depression**
52
Acetylcholine | Cholinergic receptors
**Nicotinic Receptors:** Certain parts of brain, stimulated by acetylcholine or nicotine **Muscarinic Receptors: (learning,memory, cognitive function)** Many parts of brain, stimulated by acetylcholine or muscarine
53
Opioid Peptides
1) Enkephalins 2) Endorphins 3) Dynorphins 3 receptors (mu, delta, kappa)
54
6 neurotransmitters and receptors
1) glutamate 2) Catecholamines 3) Gaba 4) Serotonin 5) Acetylcholine 6) Opioid Peptides
55
Wht happens if acetylcholine is blocked at muscarinic receptors
Produces amnesia and associated with **alzheimers disease**
56
Synapse
Target site for many drugs
57
Electrical impulses travel through this structure to reach the end of the presynaptic neuron
Axon
58
Plays a role in one of the mechanisms through which neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cleft
Glial cell
59
Endogenous chemical messengers of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals from nerve cells to target cells
Neurotransmitter
60
Transport and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by fusing with the presynaptic membrane
Vesicle
61
Activating them causes ions to move into the postsynaptic neuron by changing the permeability of the membrane
Receptors
62
Paul Ehrilck
Organoarsenical (cure syphilis) | act against infectious diseases (bind to parasite)
63
Gerhard Domagk
Sulfa Drugs ## Footnote treat bacterial disease
64
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin | gram + disease ## Footnote treat bacterial disease
65
Selman Waksman
Strephomyein | gram - disease ## Footnote treat bacterial disease
66
Theophratus
wrote textbook on opium
67
Serturner
Isolated morphine from opium

PHAR 100 (11 decks)

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