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Agriculture > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics is the study of

A

Heredity

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2
Q

__________ is inherited by offspring from their parents

A

DNA

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3
Q

Animal geneticists have identified elements within genes that

A

can enhance animal growth, health, and the ability to utilize nutrients efficiently

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4
Q

Animal genetics is one of the pillars of livestock development alongside

A

animal health, animal nutrition and husbandry issues such as animal housing.

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5
Q

Animal breeding indicates

A

The mating of selective animals for the purpose of the enhancement of particular characteristics in subsequent generations

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6
Q

In animal breeding the best animals are

A

Used as parent animals

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7
Q

The objectives of animal breeding are

A
  • increase animal yield / productivity
  • improve the desirable quality of animal product
  • produce disease resistant animals
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8
Q

Genetic improvement is based on the principle that

A

the products and services provided by animals are depend upon their genes and their living environment.

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9
Q

Methods of genetic improvement are

A
  • breed introduction
  • selection
  • breeding
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10
Q

What is breed introduction

A

It’s bringing high-quality breeds of livestock into the
farm or a country

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11
Q

Before introducing breeds is important to

A

that the breeds possess higher quality characteristics than the local ones

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12
Q

Give the differences between local and exotic breed

A

Local breed Exotic breed
- mature slowly - mature early
- aren’t good producers - are good
- small animals - large animals
- adapt. - maynot adapt
- are resistant to disease. - fall victum

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13
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of breed introduction

A

Advantages of breed introduction
-Characteristics which are not originally present in the local breeds are introduced
- Breed introduction enhances productivity
-Crossbreeds may perform better than local breed if adapted to the
local environment
Disadvantages of introduction
- It may introduce new diseases and pests to the area
- Exotic breeds may struggle to adapt to the new area
- Exotic breeds may not reach full productivity in the new environment”

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14
Q

What is selection

A

Is the process of keeping animals with desirable traits and culling undesirable ones

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15
Q

What are the two types of selection

A
  • natural selection
  • artificial selection
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16
Q

What is natural selection

A

In nature Animals with desirable traits survive and reproduce while animals with undesirable traits don’t survive and reproduce

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17
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Farmers select and cule

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18
Q

What are the types of artificial selection

A
  • mass selection
  • progeny selection
  • pedigree selection
  • family selection
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19
Q

What is mass selection

A

It’s when they are selected on their own performance
- those with desired characteristics are often a large group ( large number of animals)

20
Q

What is progeny selection

A
  • when they are selected based on their progeny or offspring
21
Q

What is pedigree selection

A

When they are selected based on the performance of their ansestors

22
Q

What is family selection

A
  • it’s when they are selected based on the performance of their family
  • usually the family size is large
23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of selection

A

Advantages
- reduces the spread of diseases and parasites associated with breeding stocks
- It ensures that only the best naturally available animal is selected
Disadvantages
- is very costly in terms of time and money
- It requires expertise which may not be readily available
-It may bring about elimination of some desirable traits
of some parent stock
- no new characteristics are introduced

24
Q

What is breeding

A

Is a method of livestock development in which inherited qualities are transferred from parent to offspring through mating

25
Q

What are the two methods of breeding

A
  • related breeding system
    - in breeding
    - line breeding
  • unrelated breeding system
    - out breeding
    - cross breeding
26
Q

What is the simple difference between in breeding and line breeding

A

In breeding is more closely related animals like mother to son…
Line breeding is distantly related animals like cousin to cousin. Line breeding has a lower chance of in breeding depression

27
Q

What is the simple difference between out breeding and cross breeding

A

Out breeding is between the same breeds while cross breeding is between the same species and different breeds

28
Q

What is inbreeding and list it’s characteristics

A
  • it’s the mating of closely related animals
  • produces inbred lines
  • two inbred lines can be crossbred to produce hybrid vigour
  • sometimes there is in breeding depression
29
Q

What is inbreeding depression

A
  • it’s when offsprings with undesirable characteristics are produced because of recessive genes
30
Q

What is line breeding and list it’s characteristics

A
  • it’s the mating of distantly related animals
  • used to preserve and strengthen the qualities of an outstanding ancestor
  • has less risk when it comes to in breeding depression
  • high quality commercial characters are a result of line breeding
31
Q

What is outbreeding and what are it’s characteristics

A
  • mating of unrelated animals within the same breed
  • produces offspring with a greater vigor and productivity
32
Q

What is cross breeding

A
  • mating of unrelated animals with the same species but different breeds
  • produces hybrid vigiour or heterosis
33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of related animals

A

Advantages
- Production of pure breeds or pure lines
- helps to concentrate and preserve
specific qualities in an animal
Disadvantages
- Reduction in vigor and performance
- often gives rise to defective animals

34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of unrelated animals

A

Advantages
- Promotes heterosis or hybrid vigor
Development of new breeds
- Grows more rapidly and is more economical to rear
- Withstand environmental variations
- More resistance against disease
Disadvantages
- Operating costs are higher than those for local breeds
- If not systematic, sizing problems and associated delivery difficulties may occur

35
Q

What is artificial insemination

A

Artificial insemination is the process of collecting sperm cells from male
animals and depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female (vagina,
cervix or uterus)

36
Q

___________is the most important reproduction technology for genetic improvement in domestic animals

A

Artificial insemination

37
Q

Oestrous ( heat ) is shown by

A
  • loss of appetite
    -constant vocalizations
  • restlessness
  • rubbing up against herd-mates
  • lips of the vulva become redder and more moist than usual
  • swelling around the vulva
  • a thin mucous discharge from the vulva
    -stop when mounted by other animals
  • mount other animals
38
Q

The safe and best method of insemination in cattle is

A

Recto vaginal Method of insemination

39
Q

What is the process of artificial insemination

A

Semen is collected and stored ➡️the semen straw is thawened➡️it’s loaded in a sterilised AI gun and covered with a plastic sheath➡️apply soft soap or any lubricant on the gloves left hand and insert into the RECTUM➡️is further inserted and holds the CERVIX through the rectal wall➡️the AI gun is passed

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination

A

Advantages
- Reduces spread of infectious diseases such as contagious abortion and vibriosis
- It helps in maintaining the accurate breeding and parturition records
- Old, heavy and injured males can be used
Disadvantages
- Requires more time than natural services
- Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower fertility
- If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be increased

41
Q

What is embryo transfer

A

It’s when newly formed embryos prior to implantation are removed from a donor and given to another female ( recipient ) of THE SAME SPECIES

42
Q

In embryo transfer donors are____________than recipients

A

Higher in productivity

43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of embryo transfer

A

Advantages
- Is an easier and more rapid exchange of genetic material between countries
- Involves no transport of live animals
- Reduces risks of disease transmission
- Enhances storage and expansion of rare genetic stock
Disadvantages
- The technique requires a high cost
- It requires skilled technicians
- It may be time consuming

44
Q

What are the steps of embryo transfer

A

Cows receive a hormone- gonadotropin so that they will produce more than one egg( this is called super ovulation) ➡️ after 5 days they are artificially inseminated ➡️ after 7 days a veterinarian recovers the embryos by using floley catheter and recovery fluid( this is non surgical ) ➡️ passes through a filter and embryos are catched ➡️filtered into a lab and evaluated under a microscope( isolation and classification of embryos)➡️ frozen ( in liquid nitrogen at 37 degree or room t ) or transferred into a cow ( surgically or non surgically) ➡️pregnancy diagnosis by palpation through the rectal wall after 1 to 3 months ➡️birth ( 9 months)

45
Q

What are the two types of animal identification and give some examples

A

Temporary - tail marking with a pen and chalk
- clipping thier hair
- dying thier fur
Permanent- branding
- ear tags
- tattooing
- ear notches
- microchips

Agriculture (5 decks)

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