Unit 5 Flashcards
Animal nutrition is the Science of
Feed preparation and feeding
__________ is the most important factor it determines animal performance and profitability
Feed
The largest operating cost in a livestock production enterprise is ____________
The feed cost . It varies from 50% to 80% depending on the operating area in animal production
The feasibility of livestock enterprises depends on
Proper animal feeding and nutrition
Natural pasture are naturally occurring _________,__________ and _____________
Grasses, shrubs and tree forages( edible portions of plant)
Natural pasture provide more than __% of livestock feed
60
______________is the least expensive way to deliver feed to animals
Grazing
What is the quality of natural pasture during dry season and wet season
Good quality in the wet season
Diminishes in the dry season
Some common management practices in pasture to ensure continuous supply of grasses and legumes to livestock include
grazing land management
fertilizer application ( urea and DAP)
oversowing legumes
Several forms of crop residues provide
The majority ( greater volume ) of livestock feed
Some crop residues include
- straws
-strovers - cobs
- hulls
- chaffs
Crop residues are generally low in
- crude protein
- energy
- micronutrients ( vitamin and minerals)
- palatability
- digestibility
- they are also fibrous ( so they are not suitable for pig and poultry feeding)
What is recommended to maximize animal productivity
Supplementing them with improved forages ( forage legumes and browse species) , grains
The quality of crop residues can be improved by
Physically - chopping
Chemically - treating with ordinary urea fertilizer
What are the two basic types of forage crops
- grasses
- legumes
Grasses ____________________than legumes
Produce more yield per unit area
Are higher in fiber
______________are the best and cheapest bulk feed for ruminant
Grasses
Some examples of grasses are
- Rhodes grass
- Sudan grass
- Elephant grass
_________are usually used as a cheap source of supplement when feeding crop residues and natural pasture
Legumes
Legmus contain __________,___________and ___________than grasses
- protein
- vitamins
- minerals
Some examples of legumes are
Alfalfa
Vetch
Sesbania sesban
The nutritive value and digestibility of forage decline
As they mature
Cultivated forage crops can be
Cut and Fed fresh or they can be conserved for the dry season
Forage production is a profitable business idea
because feed shortage is a major challenge for animal farming in Ethiopia
forage production in a large plot can be profitable because
It has good market demand throughout the year as well as growth potential
Why should forage production industries produce grass - legume mixture
Because grass- legume mixtures produce the best in terms of yield and nutritional quality therefore having a high profit margin
____________are rich in either energy or protein compared to pastures and crop residues
Agro industrial by products
List some characteristics of flour milling by products
- are generally very palatable
- are readily consumed by all classes of farm animals
- laxative animal feed
Some examples of flour milling by products are
Wheat bran
Wheat middling
Rice bran
Brans are good sources of
Thiamine and niacin vitamins
They supply fair amounts of protein and energy
Compare brans with cereal middlings and rice polish in terms of nutrients
Cereal middlings and rice polish are lower in fiber and higher in energy than bran
What is bran
Outer layer ( cuticle, pericarp and seed coat)
Combined with small amounts of starchy endosperm of the kernel
What are cereal middlings
- product of flour milling process that is not flour
- are by products that remain after the milling process they consist of brans , germs and endosperm
What is rice polish
By product of rice obtained when brushing the grain to polish the kernel
What does laxative animal feed mean
feed which ferment quickly in the stomach and therefore stimulates elimination of the bowels (wastes)
Oil seed cakes have high
Protien, carbohydrates ,mineral and nitrogen content
List some examples of oil seed cakes
Soybean meal
noug seed cake
cotton seed cake
peanut cake
ground nut cake
List the characteristics of molasses in terms of nutrients
Good source of energy ( 54% total digestible nutrient)
Low in Protien (3% ) and minerals
Molasses are _________ and _________
Appetizer
Dust settler
The main by-products of breweries are
spent grain and spent yeast.
List the characteristics of spent grain in terms of nutrients
-Contain good protein, fiber and energy
- higher in fiber, mineral and protein than the initial grain
Give a characteristics of spent yeast upon nutrients
- is a cheap source of protein, mineral and vitamin B complex
Give the differences between roughage and concentrates
Roughage. Concentrates
-has more than - less than 18%
18% crude fiber Crude fiber
-less than 60% TDN - more than 60 -digestiblity of nutrients - high digest
and energy content is low
-constitute over - protien
50% of the feedstuff content varies
from 2% to 80%
What are the two main forms of roughage and what are thier differences
Dry roughage Green or succulent
- 80% to 90% -10-30% dry
Dry matter
- hay , straw ,strover - silage is
Husks and sugarcane produced from
Bagasse. green roughage
Concentrates are classified into? And what are there differences
Energy rich concentrates- lessthan 18% crude protein
Protien rich concentration- more than 18% crude protein
What are the characteristics of energy rich concentrates
- high in carbohydrates
- medium in protein
- low in fat content
- low moisture content
- cereal grains , roots and tubers are examples
- agro industrial by products
Bran, middlings and molasses
Protein rich concentrates can be derived from __________ and _________
And give examples for both
- plant origin : soybean meal, noug seed cake and cotton seed cake
- animal orign : meat meal, fish meal and dried blood meal
_____________and _____________ are the most common plant protein concentrates
Oil seed cakes and meals
List some characteristics of water as nutrient
-constitutes more than one-half of the animals’ body
- vital for all processes such as digestion, blood circulation and waste elimination
- nutrients are dissolved
- regulates body temperature
Are carbohydrates organic or inorganic
Organic
List the the characteristics of carbohydrates
-energy-rich organic compounds
- main source of energy in animal feed
- The main source of carbohydrates in livestock feed are grains( wheat,maize and sorghum)
- Crop residues, molasses, forages and hay are also important sources of carbohydrates
What are some nutrients we need in small amounts but are very important
- fats
- minerals
- vitamins
What are the nutrients that give our body energy
The energy is derived from carbohydrates and fats, though proteins also supply some energy to the body
List some characteristics of fat
- act as storehouses of energy
- insulate the body
- Normal roughages such as grazing pasture contain very little fat
-oilseed cakes contain up to 10% fats and oils - Oilseeds cakes such as soybean meal or cottonseed cake are the main source of fats in livestock feeds
Proteins originate from
Animal origin : fish meal, meat meal
Plant origin : oil seed cakes , pulses and legmus
List some characteristics of Protiens
- are essential for the formation of animal tissues
- Excess protein is deaminated and converted into fat
- no storage of protein in the body so its necessary to provide animals with protein each day
What are the nutrients that are organic and what are the ones that are inorganic
Organic : carbohydrates and vitamin
Inorganic : mineral
List the characteristics of minerals
- help in the maintenance of good health, bones, teeth and tissues
- regulate the body’s chemical processes
- needed in smaller proportion of the diet, but any deficiency can lead to major metabolic disorders and their excess intake causes toxicity.
Are diverted into micro and macro
What is the difference between micro and macro nutrient
Macro - are needed in large amounts
Micro - are needed in small amounts
List some macro nutrients
Na, Mg , k , Ca and p
List the micro nutrients
Copper (Cu)
iodine (I)
iron (Fe)
manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn)
What are the two types of vItamins? What are there differences and give some examples?
- fat soluble: are soluble in fat examples are vitamin A, D , E , K
- water soluble : cannot be stored in the body and must be taken in daily. Examples are vitamin B and C
What is the another name for micro nutrients
Trace minerals
List some characteristics of vitamins
- contribute to functions like metabolism, growth, reproduction ,Red blood cell maturation, digestion, bone and teeth formation.
- the body combats stress and prevents infection when a proper supply of vitamins is ensured
Some symptoms of deficiency in carbohydrates are
Reduced feed intake, low weight gain, prolonged fattening, drop in milk yield
Some symptoms of deficiency in protein is
Low weight gain
stunted growth
poor product quality
Some symptoms of deficiency in water are
Reduced feed intake, low weight gain and milk yield
Some symptoms of deficiency in fats are
Poor skin and hair coat, inability to maintain a successful pregnancy, and potentially inadequate absorption of fat- soluble vitamins
Some symptoms of deficiency in vitamins are
Rough and loose hair coat
coughing
nasal discharge
watery eyes
diarrhea,
staggering gait
scaly skin
pneumonia
Some symptoms of deficiency in minerals
Reduced fodder intake
low weight gain
drop in milk production,
stiff joints, weakened bones and teethed
Chewing and suckling of wood and metal
impaired energy utilization
Some sources of carbohydrates are
Crop residues
Cereals
milling by-product
sweet potato vine
sugar cane tops
molasses
Some sources of fats are
Oil seed cakes/meals
tallow
fish meal and oil
Some sources of protein are
Leguminous plants
oilseed cakes
poultry litter and urea.
Some sources of vitamins are
Vegetables
green fodders
vitamin preparations
Some sources of minerals are
Agro-industrial residues
bone meal
limestone
common salt
bole salt
mineral lick
Some sources of water are
Succulent feeds and water bodies
Formulating a ration requires knowing
cost and availability of ingredients, nutrient content of feed, and nutrient
requirements of animals.
The maintenance ration depends on
- the type of animal
- the body mass
A good ration has to
-satisfy the total dry matter requirement of an animal based on weight
- provide highly digestible nutrients, including enough minerals and
vitamins
- be palatable to the target animal
- be fairly bulky, to satisfy hunger and expel undigested material
- be digestible - this can be improved by grinding, crushing, etc.
- be fresh and free from undesirable weeds and dust
Animal feed ration can be balanced by various ways these are
- the trial and error method
- the Pearson square method
- substitution formulation
- computer assisted formulation
PSM is used to calculate the portion of feeds needed to meet either the ___________or ____________ requirements of an animals
- energy
- protien
