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Agriculture > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Animal nutrition is the Science of

A

Feed preparation and feeding

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2
Q

__________ is the most important factor it determines animal performance and profitability

A

Feed

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3
Q

The largest operating cost in a livestock production enterprise is ____________

A

The feed cost . It varies from 50% to 80% depending on the operating area in animal production

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4
Q

The feasibility of livestock enterprises depends on

A

Proper animal feeding and nutrition

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5
Q

Natural pasture are naturally occurring _________,__________ and _____________

A

Grasses, shrubs and tree forages( edible portions of plant)

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6
Q

Natural pasture provide more than __% of livestock feed

A

60

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7
Q

______________is the least expensive way to deliver feed to animals

A

Grazing

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8
Q

What is the quality of natural pasture during dry season and wet season

A

Good quality in the wet season
Diminishes in the dry season

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9
Q

Some common management practices in pasture to ensure continuous supply of grasses and legumes to livestock include

A

grazing land management
fertilizer application ( urea and DAP)
oversowing legumes

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10
Q

Several forms of crop residues provide

A

The majority ( greater volume ) of livestock feed

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11
Q

Some crop residues include

A
  • straws
    -strovers
  • cobs
  • hulls
  • chaffs
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12
Q

Crop residues are generally low in

A
  • crude protein
  • energy
  • micronutrients ( vitamin and minerals)
  • palatability
  • digestibility
  • they are also fibrous ( so they are not suitable for pig and poultry feeding)
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13
Q

What is recommended to maximize animal productivity

A

Supplementing them with improved forages ( forage legumes and browse species) , grains

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14
Q

The quality of crop residues can be improved by

A

Physically - chopping
Chemically - treating with ordinary urea fertilizer

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15
Q

What are the two basic types of forage crops

A
  • grasses
  • legumes
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16
Q

Grasses ____________________than legumes

A

Produce more yield per unit area
Are higher in fiber

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17
Q

______________are the best and cheapest bulk feed for ruminant

A

Grasses

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18
Q

Some examples of grasses are

A
  • Rhodes grass
  • Sudan grass
  • Elephant grass
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19
Q

_________are usually used as a cheap source of supplement when feeding crop residues and natural pasture

A

Legumes

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20
Q

Legmus contain __________,___________and ___________than grasses

A
  • protein
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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21
Q

Some examples of legumes are

A

Alfalfa
Vetch
Sesbania sesban

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22
Q

The nutritive value and digestibility of forage decline

A

As they mature

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23
Q

Cultivated forage crops can be

A

Cut and Fed fresh or they can be conserved for the dry season

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24
Q

Forage production is a profitable business idea

A

because feed shortage is a major challenge for animal farming in Ethiopia

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25
Q

forage production in a large plot can be profitable because

A

It has good market demand throughout the year as well as growth potential

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26
Q

Why should forage production industries produce grass - legume mixture

A

Because grass- legume mixtures produce the best in terms of yield and nutritional quality therefore having a high profit margin

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27
Q

____________are rich in either energy or protein compared to pastures and crop residues

A

Agro industrial by products

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28
Q

List some characteristics of flour milling by products

A
  • are generally very palatable
  • are readily consumed by all classes of farm animals
  • laxative animal feed
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29
Q

Some examples of flour milling by products are

A

Wheat bran
Wheat middling
Rice bran

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30
Q

Brans are good sources of

A

Thiamine and niacin vitamins
They supply fair amounts of protein and energy

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31
Q

Compare brans with cereal middlings and rice polish in terms of nutrients

A

Cereal middlings and rice polish are lower in fiber and higher in energy than bran

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32
Q

What is bran

A

Outer layer ( cuticle, pericarp and seed coat)
Combined with small amounts of starchy endosperm of the kernel

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33
Q

What are cereal middlings

A
  • product of flour milling process that is not flour
  • are by products that remain after the milling process they consist of brans , germs and endosperm
34
Q

What is rice polish

A

By product of rice obtained when brushing the grain to polish the kernel

35
Q

What does laxative animal feed mean

A

feed which ferment quickly in the stomach and therefore stimulates elimination of the bowels (wastes)

36
Q

Oil seed cakes have high

A

Protien, carbohydrates ,mineral and nitrogen content

37
Q

List some examples of oil seed cakes

A

Soybean meal
noug seed cake
cotton seed cake
peanut cake
ground nut cake

38
Q

List the characteristics of molasses in terms of nutrients

A

Good source of energy ( 54% total digestible nutrient)
Low in Protien (3% ) and minerals

39
Q

Molasses are _________ and _________

A

Appetizer
Dust settler

40
Q

The main by-products of breweries are

A

spent grain and spent yeast.

41
Q

List the characteristics of spent grain in terms of nutrients

A

-Contain good protein, fiber and energy
- higher in fiber, mineral and protein than the initial grain

42
Q

Give a characteristics of spent yeast upon nutrients

A
  • is a cheap source of protein, mineral and vitamin B complex
43
Q

Give the differences between roughage and concentrates

A

Roughage. Concentrates
-has more than - less than 18%
18% crude fiber Crude fiber
-less than 60% TDN - more than 60 -digestiblity of nutrients - high digest
and energy content is low
-constitute over - protien
50% of the feedstuff content varies
from 2% to 80%

44
Q

What are the two main forms of roughage and what are thier differences

A

Dry roughage Green or succulent
- 80% to 90% -10-30% dry
Dry matter
- hay , straw ,strover - silage is
Husks and sugarcane produced from
Bagasse. green roughage

45
Q

Concentrates are classified into? And what are there differences

A

Energy rich concentrates- lessthan 18% crude protein
Protien rich concentration- more than 18% crude protein

46
Q

What are the characteristics of energy rich concentrates

A
  • high in carbohydrates
  • medium in protein
  • low in fat content
  • low moisture content
  • cereal grains , roots and tubers are examples
  • agro industrial by products
    Bran, middlings and molasses
47
Q

Protein rich concentrates can be derived from __________ and _________
And give examples for both

A
  • plant origin : soybean meal, noug seed cake and cotton seed cake
  • animal orign : meat meal, fish meal and dried blood meal
48
Q

_____________and _____________ are the most common plant protein concentrates

A

Oil seed cakes and meals

49
Q

List some characteristics of water as nutrient

A

-constitutes more than one-half of the animals’ body
- vital for all processes such as digestion, blood circulation and waste elimination
- nutrients are dissolved
- regulates body temperature

50
Q

Are carbohydrates organic or inorganic

A

Organic

51
Q

List the the characteristics of carbohydrates

A

-energy-rich organic compounds
- main source of energy in animal feed
- The main source of carbohydrates in livestock feed are grains( wheat,maize and sorghum)
- Crop residues, molasses, forages and hay are also important sources of carbohydrates

52
Q

What are some nutrients we need in small amounts but are very important

A
  • fats
  • minerals
  • vitamins
53
Q

What are the nutrients that give our body energy

A

The energy is derived from carbohydrates and fats, though proteins also supply some energy to the body

54
Q

List some characteristics of fat

A
  • act as storehouses of energy
  • insulate the body
  • Normal roughages such as grazing pasture contain very little fat
    -oilseed cakes contain up to 10% fats and oils
  • Oilseeds cakes such as soybean meal or cottonseed cake are the main source of fats in livestock feeds
55
Q

Proteins originate from

A

Animal origin : fish meal, meat meal
Plant origin : oil seed cakes , pulses and legmus

56
Q

List some characteristics of Protiens

A
  • are essential for the formation of animal tissues
  • Excess protein is deaminated and converted into fat
  • no storage of protein in the body so its necessary to provide animals with protein each day
57
Q

What are the nutrients that are organic and what are the ones that are inorganic

A

Organic : carbohydrates and vitamin
Inorganic : mineral

58
Q

List the characteristics of minerals

A
  • help in the maintenance of good health, bones, teeth and tissues
  • regulate the body’s chemical processes
  • needed in smaller proportion of the diet, but any deficiency can lead to major metabolic disorders and their excess intake causes toxicity.
    Are diverted into micro and macro
59
Q

What is the difference between micro and macro nutrient

A

Macro - are needed in large amounts
Micro - are needed in small amounts

60
Q

List some macro nutrients

A

Na, Mg , k , Ca and p

61
Q

List the micro nutrients

A

Copper (Cu)
iodine (I)
iron (Fe)
manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn)

62
Q

What are the two types of vItamins? What are there differences and give some examples?

A
  • fat soluble: are soluble in fat examples are vitamin A, D , E , K
  • water soluble : cannot be stored in the body and must be taken in daily. Examples are vitamin B and C
63
Q

What is the another name for micro nutrients

A

Trace minerals

64
Q

List some characteristics of vitamins

A
  • contribute to functions like metabolism, growth, reproduction ,Red blood cell maturation, digestion, bone and teeth formation.
  • the body combats stress and prevents infection when a proper supply of vitamins is ensured
65
Q

Some symptoms of deficiency in carbohydrates are

A

Reduced feed intake, low weight gain, prolonged fattening, drop in milk yield

66
Q

Some symptoms of deficiency in protein is

A

Low weight gain
stunted growth
poor product quality

67
Q

Some symptoms of deficiency in water are

A

Reduced feed intake, low weight gain and milk yield

68
Q

Some symptoms of deficiency in fats are

A

Poor skin and hair coat, inability to maintain a successful pregnancy, and potentially inadequate absorption of fat- soluble vitamins

69
Q

Some symptoms of deficiency in vitamins are

A

Rough and loose hair coat
coughing
nasal discharge
watery eyes
diarrhea,
staggering gait
scaly skin
pneumonia

70
Q

Some symptoms of deficiency in minerals

A

Reduced fodder intake
low weight gain
drop in milk production,
stiff joints, weakened bones and teethed
Chewing and suckling of wood and metal
impaired energy utilization

71
Q

Some sources of carbohydrates are

A

Crop residues
Cereals
milling by-product
sweet potato vine
sugar cane tops
molasses

72
Q

Some sources of fats are

A

Oil seed cakes/meals
tallow
fish meal and oil

73
Q

Some sources of protein are

A

Leguminous plants
oilseed cakes
poultry litter and urea.

74
Q

Some sources of vitamins are

A

Vegetables
green fodders
vitamin preparations

75
Q

Some sources of minerals are

A

Agro-industrial residues
bone meal
limestone
common salt
bole salt
mineral lick

76
Q

Some sources of water are

A

Succulent feeds and water bodies

77
Q

Formulating a ration requires knowing

A

cost and availability of ingredients, nutrient content of feed, and nutrient
requirements of animals.

78
Q

The maintenance ration depends on

A
  • the type of animal
  • the body mass
79
Q

A good ration has to

A

-satisfy the total dry matter requirement of an animal based on weight
- provide highly digestible nutrients, including enough minerals and
vitamins
- be palatable to the target animal
- be fairly bulky, to satisfy hunger and expel undigested material
- be digestible - this can be improved by grinding, crushing, etc.
- be fresh and free from undesirable weeds and dust

80
Q

Animal feed ration can be balanced by various ways these are

A
  • the trial and error method
  • the Pearson square method
  • substitution formulation
  • computer assisted formulation
81
Q

PSM is used to calculate the portion of feeds needed to meet either the ___________or ____________ requirements of an animals

A
  • energy
  • protien

Agriculture (5 decks)

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