Unit 1 Flashcards
____________is defined as the deliberate cultivation of crops and rearing of animals
Agriculture
Where are hunter gatherers found?
In areas where the land and climate conditions do not favour deliberate crop culture. Desert areas, Arctic region and pockets of tropical rain forest are examples
____________ is a form of agriculture in which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area.
Shifting cultivation
__________________ is the practice of using the same plot of land continuously over a long period to grow crops or rear livestock.
Settled agriculture
Which one is more advanced settled agriculture or shifting cultivation
Settled agriculture
________________ is the practice of growing crops and raising livestock sufficient only for one’s own use, without any surplus for trade.
Subsistence farming
Is it possible that religion may have influenced agriculture?
Yes, because particular animals and plants were kept as they were required for religious practices.
List some features that could possibly influence hunter gatherers food source
-ease of harvest -seasonal distribution
-wide availability -climate tolerance
-good flavour
-ease of transport
-high predictability
-suitable grain size
The wild plant species that hunter gatherers consumed include
-Wild rice
-grass species
-wild oats
-legumes
Root crops are wildly used in what area?
-tropical region
How did our ancestors consume legumes?
Legumes is said to be toxic so our ancestors learned through trail and error how to detoxify it and they hunted by the poisonous substance they extracted by putting them on arrowheads
Crop production is mainly determined by
The type of crop and the environment in which it’s grown
What is primitive agriculture
It’s the old agriculture in which they used tools that have low efficiency and aren’t easy to operate
Modern agriculture involves
-crop rotation
-fallowing
-various soil conservation practices to control soil erosion
What is crop rotation
It’s the changing between different crops in different seasons
What is fallowing
It’s leaving the land free for 2 to 3 seasons
Efficient technology’s for agriculture include
-machinery
-biotechnology
-genetic improvements of plants
-irrigation
-agrochemicals
List the advantages technology advancements have on agriculture
-improved seeds
-better production practices
-better harvesting and storage facilities
One of the first technological changes in agriculture is
The transfer of some tedious manual work to draft animals
The three eras in agriculture are
-mechanical era (1930-1950)
-chemical era(1950-1970)
-biotechnology/information technology era(1970-present)
List the five major crops that constitute ethiopias 75% cultivated area
-teff
-wheat
-maize
-sorghum
-barley
What are cereals
Cereals are grasses cultivated for their grains
What limits yield level
Recurrent drought and climate change
Achieving food security requires
Increase in yield and a decrease in yields variability
List the principal factors responsible for low crop yields in Ethiopia
- low irrigation
-rain variability and uncertainty
-soil degradation
-little technology use
-low use of inputs like improved seeds,fertilisers and pesticides
Crop plants are classified into
-food crops
-oil crops
-fiber crops
- forage crops
The three most important food crops globally are ?
-wheat
-rice
-maize
Monocots crops store food primarily in the
Endosperm
The endosperm contains
-starch and small quantities of protein and other nutrients
Dicots store food in the
Cotyledons
Cotyledons contain
Have high amount of protein,oil and some carbohydrates
_____________serves as food source for the plant embryo to germinate
Cotyledons
____________is a tissue inside the seeds of flowering plants and provides nutrition in the form of starch and is a source of nutrition in animal diet
Endosperm
Oils crops supply two essential fatty acids
-linoleic acids
-alpha linolenic acids
Oil crops supply is with vitamin?
-A,K,E,D
______________are used for making clothing and in textile industry
Plant fibre
Plant fibre can be obtained from
-cotton
-inner barks of certain plant species
Plants obtained from cotton are used to
Manufacture sewing threads and cloth
Fibres obtained from barks of certain plants are used to
Manufacture packaging material
Vegetable fibers such as jute are used in
Rope manufacturing
Plants used for livestock are often grown for thier
Roots, shoots, shoot buds and leaves
What type of nutrients do forage crops provide
Vitamin A and E,sodium,potassium,calcium,phosphorus and magnesium
Depending on their photosynthetic pathway, crop plants can be classified into
either C3 or C4 types
____plants have a higher photosynthesic rate at a given temperature that _____plants
-C4
-C3
refers to the types and sequences of crops and the
different practices used to grow them.
Cropping system
List some cropping systems
-monocropping
-mixed cropping( intercropping and relay cropping)
-crop rotation
What is mono cropping
It’s the growing of a single crop type in a given plot of land it’s often done in large scale but it can be done on small lands
List some advantages and disadvantages of mono cropping
Advantages
-efficient planting and harvesting
-uniform management
Disadvantages
-decrease of soil fertility
-risk of total crop failure due to crop pests and diseases
What is mixed cropping
It’s the planting of one or more crops in one area
Some advantages of mixed cropping are
- Efficient use of soil nutrients,water and light radiation
-also helps creak the cycle of crop pests and diseases
What is intercropping
It’s the planting of two or more crops in one area AT THE SAME TIME
It involves the planting of cereal crops alongside legmus
List the advantages of intercropping
-better soil cover and reduce soil erosion
-crop diseases also spread less rapidly
What is relay cropping
It’s when the second crop is planted after the first crop is grown alone for a certain period
What is crop rotation
It’s the growing of different crops on the same plot of land sequentially
List the advantages and disadvantages of crop rotation
Advantages
-increase in soil fertility(especially if legumes is planted)
-controls some pests and diseases
Disadvantages
-might develop resistant diseases and weeds
- climate change might be a challenge
List the advantages and disadvantages of crop rotation
Advantages
-increase in soil fertility(especially if legumes is planted)
-controls some pests and diseases
Disadvantages
-might develop resistant diseases and weeds
- climate change might be a challenge
_____________ knowledge is traditional or local knowledge that’s often referred to as “home grown “
Indigenous
What kind of indigenous knowledge do the gumuz people have
They have indigenous knowledge about natural resource management they believe that natural resources are a gift, a blessing and a creation of the Yamba(god)
What kind of indigenous knowledge do konso people posses
-they protect their land from soil erosion by terracing
-they also practice traditional irrigation to supplement unpredictable and variable rainfall
What kind of indigenous knowledge do farmers in bale posses
They prepare a trench around potato plots to protect the crop from porcupine attack
What kind of indigenous knowledge do farmers in gonder posses
They shift their livestock from one farmland to another in search of cow dung to fertilize the land
What kind of indigenous knowledge do farmers in gonder posses
They shift their livestock from one farmland to another in search of cow dung to fertilize the land
What kind of indigenous knowledge do farmers in highland areas have
They use kitchen(wood)ash to increase soil fertility and lower soil acidity and they also use smoke to reduce frost damage
What kind of indigenous knowledge do farmers in highland areas have
They use kitchen(wood)ash to increase soil fertility and lower soil acidity and they also use smoke to reduce frost damage
