Unit 2 Flashcards
Some management practices needed for maximum yield are
-appropriate planting time
-deciding planting distance
-pest control strategies
-deciding when to harvest
-post-harvest management
Some agricultural inputs include
-fertilizer to improve the nutrients available in the soil
-irrigation to supplement rainfall
-adding lime to modify the acidity of the soil
Some crop production factors that can’t be manipulated by the farmer are
-the unexpected end of favorable weather
- a locust invasion
What are field crops
Field crops are crops grown on a wide scale mainly for human consumption
Field crops are classified into
-cereals
-pulses(legumes)
Are cereals monocots or dicots
Monocots
List some cereals that are gluten free
-teff
-Maize
-sorghum
List some qualities of teff that make it reliable
-it can be stored for a long time
-it’s less affected by pests and diseases
Teff can grow in the altitudes of
From sea level to 2800 meters but the major producting areas have altitudes between 1500-2800
Teff preforms well on what type of soils
Teff performs well on loam and clay soils, which have high nutrient contents and water storage capacity
What is the distance between rows and drills in teff
-20cm
Why are shallow furrows made for teff and what is their interval
-they are made to drain excess moisture from teff plots
-at an interval of 3 to 6 meters
The most common planting time and harvesting time for teff is
The most common planting time is July/August. Teff is usually harvested in November/December in the highland areas and earlier in mid and lowland areas
What type of fertilizer is made for teff
-60kg nitrogen and 26kg phosphorus per hectare
What type of herbicide is used for broad leaf weeds in teff fields
2,4-D
When is teff affected by fungal diseases
When excess water accumulates in the soil
Average national yield for teff is about?
14.6 quintals (1.46 t) per hectare
Teff is a rich source of
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-fats
-iron
-calcium
-magnesium
Maize originated in
Central America
List some beneficial factors of maize
-gives high yield per unit area
-the seeds are covered by husk,protecting from rain and birds
-doesn’t shatter (lose seeds when drying)
I’m what industries is maize used
For production of starch and oil industries
Maize grows in a range of altitudes
500 to 2400 meters above sea level
Ranks in area of production in Ethiopia
1)teff
2)maize
What type of soils do maize want
Loam soils that do not accumulate excess moisture are better for maize production
How many time should the soil be ploughed for maize
2 or 3 times
In maize row planting is usually about
at a spacing of 25 cm between seeds and 75 cm between planting rows
Depth of seed sowing for maize is about
5 to 7 cm
Maizes planting time
Is at the start of the rainy season from March to April
What type of fertilization is used for maize
41 kg nitrogen and 20kg phosphorus
The two main types of herbicides used for maizes are
- pre emergence such as atrazine
-post emergence like 2,4-D
Common insects that attack maize are
Maize stalk borer
Aphids
Army worm
Weevil
List the fungal diseases that affect maize
-rust
-gray leaf spot
-blight
Viral diseases that affect maize are
Strike virus
How can fungal and viral diseases be controlled for maize
These can be controlled by using crop rotation instead of mono cropping and modifying the planting time to reduce the damage from these diseases
How can you reduce maize plants falling(lodging) due to wind
By earthing up( piling soil around the plants)
Is maize planted as mono crop or as a mixed crop
It can be planted as both
It can be planted as a mixed crop with legumes such as haricot beans and cereals such as teff
How much time does maize take to be harvested? And what are some characters that we see when it’s ready for harvest?
- some take 3 months while others take 5 months
-it develops a black layer at the bottom tip
Maize is an important source of
-carbohydrates
-protein
-fat
What is the average national yield of maize?
It’s 32.5 quintals
What is the moisture content of maize when it’s harvested and what should it be?
-25%
-13% or lower
Where did wheat originate
It’s believed to originate from Asia continent mainly in China,Pakistán and India.
What kind of weather does wheat require
Cool weather
In what altitude does wheat grow?
1800-3000
What kind of soils does wheat require
Well drained, loamy and fertile soils
(Red, brown and black)
How many times is wheat cultivated
2 or 3 times
How is wheat planted
By both broadcasting and row planting
What is the space between row plants in wheat? And what is it’s depth?
-25 cm
- 5 cm
The planting time for wheat is
Jume and July
What kind of fertilizer does wheat use
45 kg nitrogen and 25 kg phosphorus
Fungal diseases in wheat like rust and smut are common in what areas
Warm areas with high humidity
How do we know when to harvest wheats?
- when it dries to golden yellow color and there is no green left
The average national yield for wheat is
24.5 quintals
Wheat is an important source of
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats , minerals and fiber
Where did barley originate
-in the Middle East
Barley is used for
-human food
-alcoholic beverages
-livestock
Explain the process of malting
Controlled germination produces enzymes ➡️ These enzymes convert cereal starch to sugar➡️ the sugar is fermented to produce alcoholic beverages
Barley is found in the altitudes
From 2200 to 3000
What type of soils do barley need
Well drained loam soils
How many times should barley be cultivated
2 to 3 times
What kind of fertilizer does barley use
60 kg nitrogen and 26 kg phosphorus
Insects that are affecting barley production are
-army worm
-grasshopper
-barley shoot fly
How long does barley take to mature
3 to 4 months
The indicator for maturity is
Drying and yellowing of the plant
The average yield of barley is
19 quintals
Barley is a source of
-carbohydrates
-protein
- fiber
-fats
Where did sorghum originate
Africa
Sorghums stalk is used as
Animal feed and construction of fences and houses in Ethiopia
Sorghums altitude ranges from
500-1500
What type of soils are suitable for sorghum
Well drained clay soils
Why is sorghum called a camel crop
Because it has the ability to stay dormant durning dry periods and resume growth as soon as soil moisture becomes sufficient
What is sorghum rotated with
Haricot beans, soy bean, sesame and cotton
Sorghum matures in about
4 months
How is sorghum planted
At a distance of 0.5 to 1 meters between rows and about 40 cm between plants. And they are also sown at a depth of 2.5 cm
The most common in sorghum planting time is
March to may
In sorghum earthing up is done to?
Prevent the plant from lodging
What kind of fertilizer is used for sorghum
32 kg nitrogen and 10 kg phosphorus per hectare
What is the name of the major parasitic weed that affects sorghum reproduction
Striga
When should sorghum be harvested
When the grains start to dry also the grain moisture drops to 30% when mature
The average national yield for sorghum is
23 quintals
How much time does sorghum take to mature
4 months
Pulses can be consumed as
-dry seeds rich in protein
- as immature pods used as vegetables
Why is there low yield of pulses in Ethiopia
-poor weed control
-low soil cultivation or no cultivation
- low mineral fertilizer
Where did faba bean originate
In the Mediterranean region
Faba bean grows in altitudes from
1800-3000
Faba bean is row planted at a distance of
40 cm between the rows and 5 to 10 cm between the seeds
Insects that affect faba bean are
- African ball worms
- aphids
Fungal diseases,weeds and Insects that affect faba beans can be prevented by
Hand weeding ( twice in 6 weeks)
Crop rotation
The use of chemicals
Ensuring a clean seed bed
When is faba bean ready for harvest
When the leaves fall off and the pods dry and turn black
It is cultivated when it’s green if it’s eaten as a vegetable
What is the average national yield for faba beans
19 quintals
What is field pea produced for?
Field pea is produced for its edible seeds, which are rich in protein and an important source of animal feed.
What types of planting methods are used for field pea?
Field pea is often planted by broadcasting or using row planting.
What is the recommended spacing for planting field pea?
Spacing of 30 cm between rows and 5 to 10 cm between plants.
What are the ideal altitudes for growing field pea?
Field pea grows well in altitudes ranging between 1800 and 3000 meters above sea level.
What crops does field pea commonly rotate with?
Field pea is usually grown in rotation with crop cereals like teff, wheat, and barley.
What are common pests and diseases that affect field pea?
Weeds, insect pests (such as aphids and African ball worm), and fungal diseases.
What is integrated control for field pea management?
Integrated control involves manual weeding, crop rotation, and chemical methods.
When should field pea be harvested?
Field pea is harvested once the pod is mature and the seeds are sufficiently hard.
What consequence does a delay in harvesting field pea have?
Delay in harvesting can cause seed loss from pods (shattering).
What is the average national yield for field pea per hectare?
The average national yield for field pea is 14 quintals (1.4 t) per hectare.
Where did haricot beans originate
Mexico
Haricot beans are mixed cropped and crop rotated with
- maize and sorghum
- teff and maize and sorghum
In what altitudes are haricot beans grown? What soil type do they prefer?
-1400-2000
-all soil types
How are haricot beans planted
By broadcasting and row planting 40cm between rows and 10 between plants ( intercropping)
How do we control weeds in haricot beans
- clean seed beds
-manual weeding carried out within 4 weeks of planting
What kind of storage pests affect haricot beans
Weevil
How do we prevent storage pests in haricot beans
By drying the grains until the moisture 12% or lower and chemical treatment of the grain is used
What is the average national yield per hectare of haricot beans
14
Haricot bean seeds can be what what colours?
Red, brown , white or gray
Which pulse is an important export crop in Ethiopia
Haricot beans
Haricot beans mature within
3 to 4 months
Haricot beans is ready for harvest when
The leaves fall off and the pods turn yellow and start to dry. If it’s produced for use as vegetables then they should be harvested when they are green( immature)
What are industrial crops primarily produced for?
Use as raw materials in agro industries and other types of industries.
Name the three classifications of industrial crops.
- Oil crops
- Fiber crops
- Sugar crops
Where is sesame believed to have originated?
Africa.
What is the primary use of sesame?
Production of oil used in cooking and other foods.
List two non-food uses of sesame oil.
- Production of paints
- Cosmetic products like soaps
What are the by-products of sesame oil extraction used for?
Production of animal feed.
What type of climate is suitable for sesame cultivation?
Semi-arid, lowland areas.
What altitude is optimal for sesame growth?
Up to 1200 meters above sea level.
What temperature range is required during the growing season for sesame?
25 to 27 °C.
How does excess water affect sesame plants?
It makes them sensitive and can lead to reduced yields.
True or False: Sesame is drought-tolerant.
True.
What happens to sesame flowers during high rainfall?
They drop off the plant, reducing yield.
What type of soil is suitable for sesame cultivation?
Sandy loam soils that do not accumulate excess moisture.
Why should fields be clean from weed seeds during land preparation for sesame?
Sesame is sensitive to weed problems.
What is the recommended planting spacing for sesame?
50 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants.
When should weeding for sesame begin?
From emergence to about 4 to 5 weeks of growth.
Fill in the blank: Sesame is especially sensitive to _______ competition during early growth stages.
weed
How many months do sesame take to mature
5 months
Sesame is ready for harvest when?
One third of the leaves, stems and pods turn yellow
What happens when harvest is delayed
The pods break and there will be loss of seeds
The national average yield of sesame is
7.4 quintals
