Unit 4 Flashcards
Farm animals are raised for
- food
- Work
What is domestication
- it’s the conversion of wild animals to domestic animals
When were Most animals domesticated
- between 8000 and 2500 BC ( not long after people began farming and living in permanent settlements)
A species is capable of
- interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Ethiopians farm animals are composed of?
mammalian, avian and honeybee species
List the major farm animals in the mammalian category
- cattle
- Sheep
- Goats
- Camel
- Donkey
- Horses
- Mules
The avian category includes
-chicken,ostrich and turkey ( ostrich and turkey are not widely used in Ethiopia)
Nearly all of the livestock population of the country is
- local breed
___________ are young nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother
- mammalia
What are local breeds and give one example
- are native to a specific territory of origin eg horro cattle
Give one example of exotic breed and hybrid
- exotic : Holstein friesian
- Hybrid : Horro cow x Holstein friesian bull
What type of leg do cattle have
They have hooves which makes them hoofed animals
What is the family and genus of cattle
Family: bovidae
Genus: bos
List the two species of cattle
- bos indicus
- bos Taurus
What type of cattle are bos indicus
- humped cattle
- commonly found in tropical countries
What type of species are bos Taurus
- don’t usually have humps
- found in temperate zones
In which part of the world are cattle raised
All over the world
How many breeds do cattle have
1000
Cattle are raised for
- meat ,milk and use as draft animals
- also thier hides are processed into leather
- manure is a by product
_______________, ______________ and ______________ are ruminant herbivores
-cattle
- sheep
-goat
Cattle feed on
- pasture
Sheep belong to the family and genus?
- family : bovidae
- genus : ovis
How many breeds do sheep have
200 breeds
Sheep are raised for
Thier meat , wool and skin
Some farmers also keep sheep for milk
What do sheep feed on
Short fine grass and coarse brushy weeds
____________ are hollow horned animals
Goat
What is the family and genus of goat
Family : bovidae
Genus : Capra
How many breeds do goat have
-300
____________ are important in tropical livestock production systems
Goat
What do goat feed on
- shoots , twigs and leaves of brush plants and they also eat hay and grain based complete feeds
Goats are raised for thier
Milk, meat and skin
What is the breed of goat that is raised for its hair
The Angora breed of goat is raised for its hair, which is used to make fabric or yarn called mohair
__________ are even toed ungulate animals
Camels
Camels belong to the family and genus?
- family: camelidea
- genus : camelus
What are the two types of camels
- Dromedary
- Bactrian
What is the difference between Dromedary and bactrian
Dromedary have a single hump while bactrian have two separate humps
___________ are often called “ships of the desert”
Camel
Camels provide us with
Milk, meat , wool and hides
_____________are pseudo ruminant animals( they don’t have a rumen)
Camel
____________are recognized as pack ( used for carrying loads ) and saddle( riding) animals
Camels
Are camels herbivores or omnivores
Herbivores
What do camels eat
- they eat tree leaves , branches and thorny bushes ( they have thick and tough lips so they feed on throng bushes easily)
List the common types of poultry
Chicken/fowl, duck, guinea fowl, turkey and geese
_____________ is the most common type of poultry in many countries of the world
Chicken
What are the two types of domestic chickens and explain them
-layers are raised for egg production
-Broilers are kept for meat (usually slaughtered at 6-8 weeks)
What is chickens feeding habit
Omnivores
Poultry in general are _____________ animals
Monogastric
Chicken depends on what type of food
Less fibrous feeds ; mostly grinded grains and mixed rations
List the three types of bees and explain them
- worker : is a female
- queens : is a female that has a reproductive and larger than the workers
- drone : don’t have stingers and have much larger compound eyes
Bees rely on ________ and ___________ of flowers as sources of thier food.
-pollen
- nectar
_______________ is the fastest growing area of animal food production
Fish farming
Ruminant animals are mainly
Herbivores
What do ruminant animals generally eat
Roughage or fibre
Are ruminant animals or monogastric animals more effective in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients
Ruminant animals
List the steps of digestive system of ruminant animals
Ingestión of feed into thier mouth➡️
The tongue and the teeth gather feed and break it down into smaller pieces➡️food travels down the esophagus ➡️into the stomach
List the four chambers of the stomach
-Rumen
-Reticulum
-omasum
-Abomasum
List the properties of the Rumen
- is the first and largest compartment of the stomach
-big fermentation vat that allows ruminants to digest cellulose
-microorganisms,such as Bacteria digest feed
List the properties of reticulum
- is the second compartment of the stomach
- is part of the rumen
- is called honeycomb( bc it looks like it)
- is involved in rumination or regurgitation
- reticulum and rectum work together in concert and sometimes called Reticulorumen
List the properties of the omasum
- helps digest feed and squeezes water from the feed
- is called “ many plies “ because it has many folds
List the properties of Abomasum
- called the true stomach
- digestive juices are produced
- help pass the feed into the small intestine and then into the large intestine and finally exerted from the body through the rectum or anus
Ruminants chew their feed numerous times through a process called
Regurgitation or rumination
In the rumen the plants that the animal has eaten are softened this softened material is called
Cud and is regurgitated for the animals to chew again
List the properties of monogastric animals
- have a single stomach
- rely on feed stuff that are easy to digest
- have all types of food habit
- horses and poultry are examples
- unable to digest much cellulose food material such as grasses
Write the steps of the horse digestive system
Ingestión of food into the mouth➡️the tongue and the teeth gather feed and break it down into smaller piece’s➡️moves into the esophagus ➡️reaches the stomach( where the enzymes breakdown the feed and is absorbed into the bloodstream) the stomach serves as a reservoir for short term shortage➡️small intestine where all the nutrients are absorbed and the feed is broken down further➡️into the Cecum where digestion of roughage occurs( by many microorganisms) and fermentation of roughage occurs
➡️exerted from the body through the anus or rectum
Write the steps of poultry digestive system
Food is taken in with the beak➡️ moves into the esophagus ( as it moves into the esophagus a small bit of saliva and digestive enzymes are added) ➡️the crop( storage compartment where feed can remain up to 12 hours) ➡️the proventriculus( glandular stomach) where enzymes and acid are produced and added➡️the gizzard where physical grinding occurs( the muscular stomach and pacemaker of gut motility) ➡️small intestine ( where all the nutrients are absorbed) ➡️ceca ( a blind sack along the Lower intestinal tract where bacteria help breakdown undigested food) ➡️large intestine where all the water is absorbed ➡️clocq ( where urine and waste mix) ➡️vent
Animals are primarily reared for
-for the production of consumable foods
Some by products of animal production are
- fertilizer, feed, clothing and Medicene
How many percent of the global food protein comes from farm animals
- 34%
How can high fiber feeds be consumed by humans
- several animals convert high fiber feeds into edible food
_____% of the population’s livelihood is animal production
- 64
the livestock sector has contributed ___%to ___% of the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product in Ethiopia
- 45 to 48
The livestock sector accounts for __ to __% of the total population export earnings
- 16 to 19%
The two most important categories of animal work are
- traction
- Transport
Feathers from poultry are used in the production of
- mattresses and pillows
__________ and ________ are used as raw materials for various traditional household products in the cottage industry
- skins and wok from goats and sheep
________ and _______ are used for adhesives
- animal bones and hooves
_______ are used for candles and soap making
fats
Chemical and liquid extractions from the internal organ of animals can be used
- in the pharmaceutical industries to manufacture hormones and other kinds of drugs
Residues from slaughtered farm animals is used
- for the preparation of feed for mono gastric animals
Give some examples of feed that come from the residues of slaughtered farm animals
- Bone meal, fish meal , blood meal and meat meal
A persons wealth in traditional society is usually assessed by
the herd size owned by the individual( especially cattle)
Give some socio economic reasons for keeping livestock
- savings and investment
- Security and insurance
- Stability and social functions
Give example of keeping livestock for social function
- for the fulfilment of a set of rituals and social obligations
- Example - funerals, ritual slaughter and bride wealth of families and communities
Inadequate feed supply both in ________ and ___________ is the major constraint affecting animal production in Ethiopia
- quantity and quality
The main feed resources in Ethiopia are ________ and ________. And how many percent of the annual feed do they supply? Thier feeding value is ________ interms of ____________,_________,__________ and _____________
- natural pastures and crop residues
- They supple more than 90% of the annual feed
- Thier feeding value is poor interms of crude protein (3 to 6%), energy value, minerals and digestibility and they also have high seasonal variation
Why is the use of agro- industrial by - products ( eg wheat bran, oil seed cakes and molasses) feed very limited
- unavailability
- Expensiveness
- Lack of awareness of their importance
Feed shortage in quantity can be mitigated through
- expanding commercial feed production( improved grasses, legumes and formulated feeds)
Some strategies in feed quality enhancement are
- the use of young and succulent grass( at 30% flowering stage)
- Mixing mature grass with legumes
- Chopping matured grass and mixing it with molasses
The animal production system in Ethiopia can be characterized as
- traditional management system this system uses local breeds
Indigenous animals are also known for thier quality product in terms of
- yolk Color
- Milk fat
- Meat taste
Indigenous animals are usually considered poor in thier
productivity
List some things that are recommended for successful for genetic improvement
- proper feeding
- Selecting those with good production
- Crossing with exotic breeds
Some diseases of animals in agro ecologies are
- anthrax
- Blackleg
- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
- Newcastle
Some effective prevention mechanisms are
- proper feeding
- Proper cleaning
- Treating sick animals
- Vaccination
- Isolation of sick animals
- Management of animals and thier housing
__________ are the major focus in mixed farming and _________ is the main focus in pastoral farming. They both consider meat production as a by- product
- Draft animals
- Milk
Pastoral farmers consider their livestock as a means of capital accumulation this is due to
- the absence of entrepreneurial awareness
Some ways of enhancing knowledge of modern animal production are
- recurrent capacity building
- Demonstrating the modern way of farming
- Availing credit facilities
- Strong extension system
What are socio economic constraints
- they are a lack of services and facilities that are vital for livestock development
List some economic constraints
- weak extension service
- Shortage of appropriate service
- Poor infrastructure
- Scarcity in electric power supply
- Scarcity in transport facilities
- A lack of credit and saving service
- Having little or no access to training on modern animal rearing practice
- Inadequate flow of market information
List some social constraints
- it’s taboo to eat goats meat in some areas
- Fish is not eaten in some parts of the country
- Products of cross breed animals like egg, meat , milk ,etc are also not preferred for food in certain areas
Livestock farming system is classified based on production processes ( management practices) into
- extensive system
- Semi intensive system
- Intensive system
List some characteristics of extensive system
- uses small inputs of labor, fertilizer and capital relative to the land area bieng used
- Livestock types are locally known ones
- Mostly farms cattle, sheep and goat
- Farming in areas with low agricultural productivity
- Feeds depend on the condition of the climate
- Compared to intensive farming productivity is lower
Extensive system is classified into
- range production system -pastoralism
- agro pastoralism
- ranching system - mixed farming system
List some characteristics of pastoralism
- move thier animals
- Allow communities to feed themselves where the area doesn’t support other forms of agriculture
- Some major problems in pastoralism are
- feed and water shortage
- poor market outlet
- disease
- number oriented
What are the two types of pastoralism
- nomads
- Transhumance
List some characteristics of nomads
- have no permanent homes
- Mainly found in arid and semi arid areas
- Largely based on increasing animal number ( number oriented)
List some characteristics of transhumance
- have a permanent home
- Characterized by the seasonal and recurring movement of livestock
- Seasonal grazing areas and routes for livestock movement are fixed
- The aim of this system is to make use of distant pasture durning rainy season and what remains after harvest around farm houses
List some characteristics of agro pastoral system
- livestock are important components of the farming system
- Produced both for subsistence and market
- Livestock are kept for draft , sale and generation of other primary products ( meat , milk and eggs)
List some characteristics of ranching
- raise large number of animals on a fenced land
- Modern alternative to pastoralism
- Commonly raise cattle and sheep
- Function of livestock and products is to provide cash income and for making profit
List some characteristics of mixed farming
- both crop and livestock are raised
- Natural pasture and crop residues are the major feed source
- Subsistence oriented
List some characteristics of semi intensive farming
- lies between extensive and intensive system
- High output and input
- Located around periphery( edge) of small towns
- Commonly practiced by small scale producers
- Reared for family consumption but can be for income generation
- Can easily be intensified
List some characteristics of intensive system
- high input and high output
- Raised at high stocking density
- Market oriented
- Located near highly populated urban centres
- Environment can be modified
- The type of animals can be cross bred or exotic
- Feed type Is grown forage which can be used in cut and carry system
- Livestock are fed industrial by product and balanced ration
- Milk, meat and eggs are the main products
Give some examples of intensive system
- pig production
- Broiler production
- Comercial dairy production
- Feedlot operation
What is balanced ration
the amount of feed that will supply the proper amount and proportions of nutrients needed for an animal to perform a specific purpose such as growth, maintenance, lactation or gestation.
What is feedlot?
- is a plot of land where livestock are kept in order to feed them intensively with the purpose of fattening for slaughter. Cattle, sheep, goats and camels are usually fattened for a period of 3 to 4 months for market.
