UNit 6

Question 1

What is Stereotyping?

Answer 1

The cognitive component of attitudes toward a social group
-> beliefs about what a particular group is like

Question 2

What are Gender Stereotypes

Answer 2

Beliefs concerning the characteristics of women and men
-> Consists of both positive and negative traits

Question 3

What is the Glass ceiling?

Answer 3

Presence of a final barrier that prevents women from reaching top positions in the workplace

Question 4

What is the Glass cliff effect?

Answer 4

In times of crisis women are most likely to gain access to high-status positions

Question 5

What is Tokenism?

Answer 5

Only a few members of a previously excluded group are admitted
-> e.g.: a few women break the ceiling glass

Question 6

What can be some effects of tokenism?

Answer 6

complaining can draw attention to problem but can also be rejected by group (e.g.: attempt to escape personal responsibility)

Question 7

What do stereotypes often work as?

Answer 7

as schemas
-> they act as theories that guide what we attend to and exert strong effects on how we process social information

Question 8

what do stereotypes lead us to do?

Answer 8

to pay more attention to specific types of information and usually information consistent with our stereotypes

Question 9

what may we do instead of modifying the automatically activated form of information processing?

Answer 9

we may create subtypes
-> consisting of people who do not confirm the schema/stereotype
(basically, it is an exception when it doesn’t confirm with my stereotypes)

Question 10

What is Prejudice?

Answer 10

The affective component of stereotypes
(emotional)

Question 11

what does Prejudice reflect?

Answer 11

a negative response to another person based solely on that persons membership in a particular group

Question 12

Is Prejudice personal?

Answer 12

no, it is an affective reaction toward the category

Question 13

What does the expression of prejudice in discrimination or not depend on?

Answer 13

Perceived norms
Acceptability of doing so

Question 14

what do some theories claim about prejudice?

Answer 14

that there is a distinction between prejudices that are associated with specific intergroup emotions
-> e.g.: disgust towards gay people, pity for native Americans and so on

Question 15

What does Prejudice alter?

Answer 15

how we process information
-> we give more attention to information related to our prejudices

Question 16

what belief is prejudice based on?

Answer 16

that groups have underlying essences
-> feelings about groups are legitimized, which results in discrimination

Question 17

what needs to be tackled in order to reduce prejudice?

Answer 17

the emotion of the intergroup
-> base of the prejudice

Question 18

What are Incidental feelings in Prejudice and what can they generate??

Answer 18

feelings caused by factors other than the outgroup per se
-> can generate implicit associations

Question 19

what are implicit associations?

Answer 19

automatic prejudice towards members o groups to which we do not belong

Question 20

What can implicit associations be triggered in?

Answer 20

in a seemingly automatic manner as a result of categorization (in-group vs. outgroup)

Question 21

What are the 3 origins of Prejudice?

Answer 21

1. Threat to self-esteem
2. Competition for resources as a source of prejudice
3. Cognitive effects of social categorization

Question 22

How can Prejudice be linked to self-esteem?

Answer 22

When an event threatens people’s perception of their group’s value they may retaliate
-> threat doesn’t need to involve possible death, threat to identity is enough

Question 23

What is Recategorization?

Answer 23

reminding people who value their ingroup identity that they share a more inclusive identity to lower perceived threat and prejudice

Question 24

What are Zero-sum outcomes?

Answer 24

in the occasion that things people want most are in short supply
→if one group gets them the other group cannot

Question 25

How do members of involved groups view each other in increasingly negative terms when competition escalates?

Answer 25

draw boundaries → enemies → dehumanization

Question 26

What do we seek according to the social identity theory?

Answer 26

to feel positively about the groups we belong to, and part of our self-esteem is derived from our social group membership

Question 27

What do we tend to express, leading to prejudice?

Answer 27

favouritism toward their own group + a corresponding bias against outgroups

Question 28

What is the extent to which a person sees the self and their group as overlapping known as?

Answer 28

identity fusion

Question 29

What are cognitive effects of social categorization (identity fusion)?

Answer 29

Emotional responses and extreme behaviour can be influenced by people’s relationships to their group and how they categorize those at risk

Question 30

What is Discrimination?

Answer 30

The behavioral component -> differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups

Question 31

What has helped to decrease discrimination?

Answer 31

laws, social pressure, fear of retaliation etc. -> despite that still finds a way of manifesting itself in more subtle forms of behavior

Question 32

What is an example of disguised discrimination?

Answer 32

modern racism

Question 33

What is modern racism?

Answer 33

can involve concealing prejudice from others in public settings but expressing bigoted attitudes when it’s safe to do so

Question 34

What is the bona fide pipeline?

Answer 34

measuring implicit racial attitudes

Question 35

How can we detect modern racism?

Answer 35

through measuring implicit racial attitudes -> priming racial stereotypes by briefly showing the face of people of different ethnicities

Question 36

What do prejudiced people maintain?

Answer 36

an "unprejudiced" self-image by social comparison with an extreme prototype of bigotry

Question 37

What may confronting what a group has done to another group cause?

Answer 37

collective guilt, which evokes a defensive response when exposed to how one's group has acted in a prejudiced fashion

Question 38

What is collective guilt defined as?

Answer 38

an emotional response that people can experience when they perceive their group as responsible for illegitimate wrongdoings

Question 39

What does morally disengage mean?

Answer 39

dehumanizing the victims to justify their actions as having served to a “righteous purpose” -> happens when group no longer sees sanctioning as necessary for perpetrating harm

Question 40

What role does Social learning play in countering prejudice?

Answer 40

Children acquire attitudes toward social groups by hearing such views being expressed by their significant others. −> When repeating and adopting those views they get rewarded

Question 41

What role plays the contact hypothesis in countering prejudice?

Answer 41

Increased contact between people from different groups can lead to a growing recognition of similarities, which can change the categorizations employed -> group is not an enemy or a threat

Question 42

What role plays recategorization in countering prejudice?

Answer 42

when "them" becomes "us" -> When successfully induced, recategorization is useful in reducing prejudice toward the (previously seen as) outgroup members

Question 43

What role plays collective guilt in countering prejudice?

Answer 43

"guilt by association" when members of the in-group behave in a prejudiced fashion

Question 44

What role plays training in "saying no" in countering prejudice?

Answer 44

repeatedly saying no to reduce prejudice can reduce reliance on stereotypes -> learned associations between certain characteristics with groups leads to automatic associations -> formed automatic associations can serve as "primes" for said stereotypes

Question 45

What role plays social influence in countering prejudice?

Answer 45

if I am “out of line” with the views of most other people I may change my views to a less prejudiced one -> stereotypes that we believe to be widely shared play a critical role in the expression of prejudice