Unit 4

Question 1

What is the definition of attitudes?

Answer 1

People’s evaluation’s evaluation of almost any aspect of the world

Question 2

What plays a role in the attitudes people form and the intensity with which those are held?

Answer 2

self-interest

Question 3

What can attitudes appear to be?

Answer 3

quite stable and resistant to change or unstable and showing considerable variability

Question 4

What can we hold attitudes with?

Answer 4

great certainty or unclear/uncertain

Question 5

What can influence what attitudes we form?

Answer 5

related values

Question 6

How can we describe some attitudes?

Answer 6

strong and accessible

Question 7

What are explicit attitudes?

Answer 7

they are conscious and reportable and therefore easy to measure
-> what I say

Question 8

What are implicit attitudes?

Answer 8

less controllable and potentially not consciously accessible and therefore more difficult to measure
-> what I show

Question 9

Are implicit and explicit attitudes coherent?

Answer 9

they may not be

Question 10

What are pro’s of the implicit association test?

Answer 10

• provides further proof to theory of ‘dual processing’, controlled vs automatic
• shows influence attitudes have
• Implicit evaluations still can be used to predict some behaviours better than explicit attitudes

Question 11

What are con’s of the implicit association test?

Answer 11

• Can’t be used to compare individuals.
• Explicit attitudes interfere, like guilt and compassion.
• General knowledge still interferes: stereotypes or known attributes.
• Susceptible to faking when aware of attitudes.

Question 12

What is social learning?

Answer 12

acquiring views by social interaction or by observing their behavior
-> Classical conditioning, Instrumental conditioning and Observational learning

Question 13

How does Classical Conditioning affect our attitudes?

Answer 13

through two pathways:
- direct route
- indirect route

Question 14

What is the direct route of CC affecting our attitudes?

Answer 14

a positive S is paired with the object, the product is placed with attractive outcomes (positive stimuli)

Question 15

What is the indirect route of CC affecting our attitudes?

Answer 15

get a famous endorser to produce a pairing between the public figure and the product (repetition is key)

Question 16

Through which 2 things does classical conditioning influence attitude formation?

Answer 16

• subliminal conditioning
• the illusion of truth effect

Question 17

What is subliminal conditioning?

Answer 17

attitudes can be changed through mere exposure, even when we don’t remember being exposed to the information

Question 18

What is the illusion of truth effect?

Answer 18

repetition creates a sense of familiarity and results in more positive attitudes regardless of how weak or strong the message is

Question 19

What can attitudes be changed through?

Answer 19

mere exposure with subtle conditioning, even if we are not aware of the stimuli that serves as the basis

Question 20

What applies to instrumental conditioning AND observational learning?

Answer 20

We may change our opinions and how we express them, to fit in and to receive a positive reinforcement

Question 21

How does Instrumental conditioning influence attitude formation?

Answer 21

Through social media and the groups we belong to
-> especially relevant in teen years

Question 22

How does observational learning influence attitude formation?

Answer 22

through social comparison and reference groups

Question 23

What can directly affect the attitude-behaviour connection?

Answer 23

The social context

Question 24

When might we be aware of a gap between attitude and behaviour?

Answer 24

We might be aware of conscious choices not to act on our “true” attitude.

Question 25

How does the degree of social consequences affect attitude-behaviour connection?

Answer 25

Depending on the degree to which the action has social consequences, attitudes may be differentially related to behaviour

Question 26

Can attitude predict behaviour?

Answer 26

yes, attitude might be a good predictor of wether you would do something

Question 27

What role does the social context play in the attitude-behaviour relationship?

Answer 27

The social context plays a determining role in whether attitudes and behaviour are related, influencing consistency between them

Question 28

How does certainty affect attitude-behaviour consistency?

Answer 28

certainty refers to how certain you are of your own attitude. The more certain you are, the more likely your behaviour will align with your attitude

Question 29

How does stability of attitudes affect behaviour?

Answer 29

When people believe their attitudes are stable over time, they feel more certain about them and are more likely to act on them

Question 30

What is pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 30

when we erroneously believe others have attitudes different than ours and adjust our attitudes to align with the perceived norm

Question 31

Who is more likely to experience pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 31

People who highly identify with their group (e.g., student groups) are especially likely to experience pluralistic ignorance

Question 32

What is the definition of the strength of attitudes?

Answer 32

The term strength captures the extremity of an attitude, the degree of certainty with which an attitude is held, as well as the extent to which the attitude is based on personal experience with the attitude object

Question 33

What does extremity mean in the strength of attitudes?

Answer 33

how strong the emotional reaction is

Question 34

What does certainty mean in the strength of attitudes?

Answer 34

the sense that you know what your attitude is and the feeling that it is the correct position to hold

Question 35

What does personal experience mean in the strength of attitudes?

Answer 35

the more we experience, the more we have an attitude towards something -> with the attitude object

Question 36

What is Accessibility in attitudes?

Answer 36

How easily the attitude comes to mind in various situations

Question 37

What kind of attitude object tends to be a strong attitude?

Answer 37

extreme, certain and formed based on personal experience

Question 38

When is greater attitude behavior consistency found?

Answer 38

when attitudes are strong

Question 39

What is the theory of planned behavior?

Answer 39

The decision to engage in a particular behaviour as the result of a rational process

Question 40

What does creating an effective implementation plan mean?

Answer 40

to no longer have to asses factors, willingness, intention, commitment

Question 41

What are the 2 factors the intentions to change are determined by?

Answer 41

1. Attitudes toward the behavior 2. Subjective norms

Question 42

What is Attitudes toward the behavior, Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control?

Answer 42

Attitudes toward the behavior: people’s positive or negative evaluations of performing the behaviour Subjective norms: people’s perception of whether others will approve or disapprove of this behaviour perceived behavioral control:people’s appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour

Question 43

What does Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model state?

Answer 43

Attitude + norms = definition of the event -> behavior events activate attitude, attitude influences how we perceive the attitude object