Unit 6 Flashcards
concepts
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype
a mental image or a best example of a concept
convergent thinking
coming up with ONE solution, one way of thinking
divergent thinking
has MANY answers and different ways of thinking
sternberg’s five components of creativity
- expertise
- imaginative thinking skills
- adventuresome personality
- intrinsic motivation
- creative environment
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
algorithms
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristics
a rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgement to solve a problem
insight
involves sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often that has been successful in the past
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as constrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
functional fixedness
a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular PROTOTYPE
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
overconfidence
tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements
belief perseverence
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
language
a means of communication – our spoken, written, or gestured word, language transmits culture
phonemes
smallest unit of distinctive sound in a language
- about 44 phonemes
morphemes
smallest unit of meaningful sound
- can be words like “a” or “but”
- can also be prefixes or suffixes like “ed”
grammar
a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
- includes semantics and syntax
receptive language
ability to understand language
productive language
ability to produce language
babbling stage
- 4 months
- noises like “goo ga”
- NOT an imitation fo adult speech
one word stage
- holophrastic stage
- one year
- family can understand
- words can communicate a whole idea
“water = i’m thirsty and i need to drink some water”
two word stage
- telegraphic stage
- two years
- talk like a telegraph
“go car = i want to go for a ride in the car”
universal grammar
noam chomsky’s idea that all languages share some basic elements
statistical learning
an unconcious cognitive process in which repeated patterns or regularities are extracted from the sensory environment
critical periods
childhood is an important time to learn certain aspects of language – essentially its a “language learning window”
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage
broca’s area
controls production of speech
wernicke’s area
controls understanding of speech
linguistic determinism
whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
thinking in images
imagining a physical activity activates the same brain regions as when actually performing the activity
intelligence
intelligence test
general intelligence
factor analysis
thurstone’s primary mental abilities
gardner’s multiple intelligences
savant syndrome
grit
10 year rule
sternberg’s triarchic theory
emotional intelligence
correlational relationship between brain size and smarts
brain scans and neural functioning
mental image
stanford binet
intelligence quotient
achievement tests
aptitude tests
wechsler adult intelligence scale
standardization
the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution
normal curve
flynn effect
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results over time.
validity
test needs to measure what it says its going to measure
content validity
predictive validity
cross sectional evidence
longitudinal evidence
cohort
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
intellectual disability
down syndrome
characteristics of gifted
criticisms of tracking
twin and adoption studies
heritability
early influences
school
gender differences
role of social expectations
genetic research
role of race
impact of nutrition and education
gap between rich and poor
cultural golden ages
meaning of bias
stereotype threat
