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AP Psych > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

concepts

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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2
Q

prototype

A

a mental image or a best example of a concept

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3
Q

convergent thinking

A

coming up with ONE solution, one way of thinking

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4
Q

divergent thinking

A

has MANY answers and different ways of thinking

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5
Q

sternberg’s five components of creativity

A
  1. expertise
  2. imaginative thinking skills
  3. adventuresome personality
  4. intrinsic motivation
  5. creative environment
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6
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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7
Q

algorithms

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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8
Q

heuristics

A

a rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgement to solve a problem

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9
Q

insight

A

involves sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem

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10
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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11
Q

fixation

A
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12
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often that has been successful in the past

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13
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as constrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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14
Q

functional fixedness

A

a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used

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15
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular PROTOTYPE

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16
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

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17
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

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18
Q

belief perseverence

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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19
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

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20
Q

language

A

a means of communication – our spoken, written, or gestured word, language transmits culture

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21
Q

phonemes

A

smallest unit of distinctive sound in a language
- about 44 phonemes

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22
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaningful sound
- can be words like “a” or “but”
- can also be prefixes or suffixes like “ed”

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23
Q

grammar

A

a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
- includes semantics and syntax

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24
Q

receptive language

A

ability to understand language

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25
Q

productive language

A

ability to produce language

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26
Q

babbling stage

A
  • 4 months
  • noises like “goo ga”
  • NOT an imitation fo adult speech
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27
Q

one word stage

A
  • holophrastic stage
  • one year
  • family can understand
  • words can communicate a whole idea
    “water = i’m thirsty and i need to drink some water”
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28
Q

two word stage

A
  • telegraphic stage
  • two years
  • talk like a telegraph
    “go car = i want to go for a ride in the car”
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29
Q

universal grammar

A

noam chomsky’s idea that all languages share some basic elements

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30
Q

statistical learning

A

an unconcious cognitive process in which repeated patterns or regularities are extracted from the sensory environment

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31
Q

critical periods

A

childhood is an important time to learn certain aspects of language – essentially its a “language learning window”

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32
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage

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33
Q

broca’s area

A

controls production of speech

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34
Q

wernicke’s area

A

controls understanding of speech

35
Q

linguistic determinism

A

whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

36
Q

thinking in images

A

imagining a physical activity activates the same brain regions as when actually performing the activity

37
Q

intelligence

A
38
Q

intelligence test

A
39
Q

general intelligence

A
40
Q

factor analysis

A
41
Q

thurstone’s primary mental abilities

A
42
Q

gardner’s multiple intelligences

A
43
Q

savant syndrome

A
44
Q

grit

A
45
Q

10 year rule

A
46
Q

sternberg’s triarchic theory

A
47
Q

emotional intelligence

A
48
Q

correlational relationship between brain size and smarts

A
49
Q

brain scans and neural functioning

A
50
Q

mental image

A
51
Q

stanford binet

A
52
Q

intelligence quotient

A
53
Q

achievement tests

A
54
Q

aptitude tests

A
55
Q

wechsler adult intelligence scale

A
56
Q

standardization

A

the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution

57
Q

normal curve

A
58
Q

flynn effect

A
59
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a test yields consistent results over time.

60
Q

validity

A

test needs to measure what it says its going to measure

61
Q

content validity

A
62
Q

predictive validity

A
63
Q

cross sectional evidence

A
64
Q

longitudinal evidence

A
65
Q

cohort

A
66
Q

crystallized intelligence

A
67
Q

fluid intelligence

A
68
Q

intellectual disability

A
69
Q

down syndrome

A
70
Q

characteristics of gifted

A
71
Q

criticisms of tracking

A
72
Q

twin and adoption studies

A
73
Q

heritability

A
74
Q

early influences

A
75
Q

school

A
76
Q

gender differences

A
77
Q

role of social expectations

A
78
Q

genetic research

A
79
Q

role of race

A
80
Q

impact of nutrition and education

A
81
Q

gap between rich and poor

A
82
Q

cultural golden ages

A
83
Q

meaning of bias

A
84
Q

stereotype threat

A

AP Psych (14 decks)

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