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AP Psych > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phineas Gage

A

injured through his frontal lobes, connection to limbic system was severed
* became a case study in specializations of diff areas in brain

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2
Q

HM (Henry Molaison)

A

patient who has parts of hippocampus removed
* got permanent amnesia

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3
Q

Paul Broca

A

discovered Broca’s area

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4
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

discovered Wernicke’s area

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5
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A

initiated split brain research

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6
Q

Roger Sperry

A

established that we have two brains and studied split brain patients

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7
Q

William James

A

focused on functions of thoughts and feelings w/ functionalism
* father of american psychology

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8
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

divided consciousness

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9
Q

Martin Orne

A

people acted the same when hypnotized and asked to pretend to act hypnotized
* established that hypnotism is not a likely cause of deviant behavior

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10
Q

J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley

A

activation synthesis theory: dreams happen when the brain tries to make sense of random activity in the brain while asleep

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11
Q

Phrenology

A

studying bumps on the brain to see if it would reveal mental information

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12
Q

Localization of Function

A

idea that different parts of brain have different functions

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13
Q

Neurons

A
  • nerve cell
  • basic building block of nervous system
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14
Q

Cell Body

A

cell’s life support center

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15
Q

Dendrite

A

neuron’s extensions that receive messages and conduct towards cell body

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16
Q

Axon

A

extension that passes signal away from the cell body

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17
Q

Terminal Branch

A

forms junctions with other cells

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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • fatty tissue layer encasing axons
  • increases transmission speeds
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19
Q

Action Potential

A

a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge

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20
Q

Ions

A

electrically charged atoms

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21
Q

Resting Potential

A

positive ions outside and negative inside

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22
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

ex. axon surface
* picky about what goes in and out

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23
Q

Depolarization

A

charge change
* outside is negative inside is positive

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24
Q

Refractory Period

A

a period of inactivity (refreshing/resetting) after a neuron fired

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25
Q

Excitatory Signal

A

like pushing a neuron’s accelerator

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26
Q

Inhibitory Signal

A

like pushing a neuron’s brake

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27
Q

Threshold

A

level of stimulation needed to trigger an action potential

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28
Q

All or None Response

A

a neuron completely fires or doesn’t, no in between

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29
Q

Synapse

A

where axon terminal and dendrites meet

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30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross synaptic gap, travel to receptor site and bind there

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31
Q

Reuptake

A

when the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters

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32
Q

Dopamine

A
  • movement
  • learning
  • attention and emotion
    too much = schizophrenia
    too less = parkinsons
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33
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • muscle action
  • learning and memory
  • not enough = alzheimers
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34
Q

Serotonin

A
  • regulates emotion and behavior
  • hunger
  • sleep
  • inhibits aggression
    undersupply = depression
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35
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • helps control alertness and arousal
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36
Q

GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

A

inhibitory
* controls fear and anxiety

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37
Q

Glutamate

A

in msG
* excitatory
* invovled in memory

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38
Q

Endorphins

A
  • pain control
  • pleasure
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39
Q

Agonist

A

a molecule that stimulates a response (mimics neurotransmitters) by binding to the receptor site

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40
Q

Antagonist

A

a molecule that binds to a receptor site and inhibits/blocks a response

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41
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • brain and spinal chord
  • body’s decision maker
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42
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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43
Q

Nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body

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44
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

AFFERENT –> carry incoming information from sensory receptors to CNS

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45
Q

Motor Neurons

A

EFFERENT –> neurons that carry outgoing info from CNS to muscles and glands

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46
Q

Interneurons

A

only in CNS
* only communicate internally between sensory input and motor output

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47
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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48
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands
* contains parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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49
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT
arouses body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations

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50
Q

Parasymathetic Nervous System

A

REST AND DIGEST
calms the body and conserves energy

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51
Q

Neural Networks

A

brain’s neurons clustering into work groups

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52
Q

Spinal Cord

A

two way information highway that connects PNS to brain

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53
Q

Reflexes

A

simple autonomic response to sensory stimuli
Remember: U TURN = sensory–>motor

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54
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that are made in the endocrine glands and sent to other tissues through the blood

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55
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • above kidneys
  • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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56
Q

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

A

arouse body in times of stress, increase heart rate, blood pressure and sugar

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57
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland and hunger, thirst

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59
Q

Lesion

A

tissue destruction
* naturally or experimentally caused

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60
Q

EEG

A

recording of the waves of electrical activity on surface of brain through electrodes on scalp

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61
Q

CT (Computed Tomography) Scan

A

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice of brain’s structure

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62
Q

PET Scan

A

visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

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63
Q

MRI

A

use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue –> shows brain anatomy

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64
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

reveals bloodflow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
* shows brain functions and structure

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65
Q

Brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, respnsible for autonomic survival functions

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66
Q

Medulla

A

controls heartbeat and breathing

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67
Q

Pons

A

helps coordinate movement, functions as a bridge between regions (fibers cross to opposite brain hemispheres) and has a role in sleep cycles, arousal, and bladder control

68
Q

Thalamus

A

brain’s sensory control center, directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits and replies to the cerebellum and medulla

69
Q

Reticular Formation

A

nerve network through the brainstem
* controls alertness and arousal

70
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • processes sensory input
  • coordinates movement output and balance
  • enables non-verbal learning and memory
71
Q

Limbic System

A

HAH
made of the
* hippocampus
* amygdala
* hypothalamus

72
Q

Amygdala

A

linked to fear and aggression

73
Q

Hypothalamus

A

directs maintenance activites
* eating
* drinking
* body temp
helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland and linked to emotion and reward

74
Q

Hippocampus

A

invovled in learning and formation of memories

75
Q

Cerebrum

A

the bulk of the brain and both hemispheres

76
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

ultimate control and processing center

77
Q

Glial Cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons, also help w/ learning

78
Q

Fissures

A

prominent folds that divide the lobes

79
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

speaking, muscle movement, making plans and judgement

80
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

recieves sensory input for touch and body position

81
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

information from visual field processing

82
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

recieves and processes audiotory input

83
Q

Motor Cortex

A

controls voluntary movement

84
Q

Cognitive Neural Prosthetics

A

tech that can carry out movement the user thinks of

85
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

86
Q

Association Areas

A

involved in higher mental functions like learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

87
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

enables judgement, planning, and processing of new memories

88
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speech production

89
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

speech comprehension

90
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

91
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons

92
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

neural fibers that connect both hemispheres of the brain

93
Q

Split Brains

A

brain halves are isolated by surgical severing

94
Q

Hemispheric Specialization

A

each half of the brain specializes in something different

95
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and environment

96
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked to cognition

97
Q

Dual Processing

A

principle that information is both processed consciously and unconsciously at the same time

98
Q

Hollow Face Illusion

A

the conscious brain views the inverted mask as protruding but the unconscious brain views it as inverted and people acted on their unconscious knowledge.

99
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

study of power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior

100
Q

Genome

A

complete instructions for making an organism consists of all genetic material in chromosomes

101
Q

Identical Twins

A

developed from single egg

102
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

developed from two different eggs not identical genes

103
Q

Studies on Separated Twins

A

even after being separated, there are many similarities

104
Q

Studies on Biological vs Adopted Relatives

A

adopted people are more likely to be similar to their biological parents and family than their adopted ones

105
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

106
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

107
Q

Second Darwinian Revolution

A

application of evolutionary principles to psychology

108
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

preiodice physiological fluctuations that occur on our 24 hour biological clock

109
Q

REM Sleep

A

rapid eye movement
vivid dreams and nightmares

110
Q

Beta Waves

A

waves when awake

111
Q

Alpha Waves

A

waves when drowsy
* awake but relaxed

112
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

NREM2
bursts of quick activity

113
Q

K complex spikes

A

NREM2
spikes in brain activity
can be controlled by stimuli

114
Q

Delta Waves

A

NREM3
deepest stage
most restorative

115
Q

NREM2

A

most sleep is done here

116
Q

Paradoxical Sleep

A

during REM you are in deep sleep but your brain waves are similar to being awake

117
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus tha control the circadian rhythm. they make the pineal gland adjust melatonin production based on light

118
Q

Melatonin

A

sleeping hormone

119
Q

Sleep Theory: Protects

A

natural selection
* ancestors didn’t survive if they were active in the night
* sleep pattern fits niche

120
Q

Sleep Theory: Helps us Recuperate

A

restores and repairs brain tissue
* synthesizes proteins

121
Q

Sleep Theory: Restores and Rebuilds fading memories of the day’s experiences

A

sleep consolidates memories

122
Q

Sleep Theory: Feeds Creative Thinking

A

dreams can inspire and more sleep means you can problem solve and make connections better

123
Q

Sleep Theory: Supports Growth

A

during sleep the pituitary gland increases growth hormones

124
Q

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

A

increased risk of viral infection
* higher production of fat cells
* more inflammation
* ghrelin and less leptin

125
Q

Ghrelin

A

hunger arousing hormone

126
Q

Leptin

A

hunger suppressing hormone

127
Q

Insomnia

A

cant fall or stay asleep

128
Q

Narcolepsy

A

randomly fall asleep
* go directly into REM sleep
* decrease in orexin

129
Q

Orexin

A

controls appetite and sleeping patterns

130
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

temporarily stop breathing during sleep

131
Q

Night Terrors

A

NREM3
not nightmares
have a physical reaction

132
Q

Sleepwalking

A

somnabulism
NREM3

133
Q

Manifest Content

A

remembered storyline

134
Q

Latent Content

A

underlying meaning of a dream

135
Q

Dream Theory: satisfy wishes

A

dreams can help you live out things you want

136
Q

Dream Theory: file away memories

A

information processing –> dreams can help sort and fix the day’s memories

137
Q

Dream Theory: develop and preserve neural pathways

A

provides the brain with periodical stimulation which preserves and expands these pathways

138
Q

Dream Theory: to make sense of neural static

A

dreams are the brain’s attempt of making sense of random neural activity

basically activation synthesis

139
Q

Dream Theory: to reflect cognitive development

A

dreams reflect the dreamer’s cognitive development

140
Q

REM Rebound

A

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

141
Q

Pyschoactive Drugs

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions, behavior, and mood

142
Q

Tolerance

A

repeated exposure lessens the effects

143
Q

Neuroadaptation

A

user’s brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect

144
Q

Addiction

A

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences

145
Q

Withdrawal

A

upon stopping consumption of a drug users may experience physical illness

146
Q

Depressant

A

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

147
Q

Alcohol

A

disinhibitor and depressant that slows brain acitivity

148
Q

Disinhibitor

A

slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions

149
Q

Slowed Neural Processing

A

alcohol slows SNS, causes bad deicions, and people can poison because of vomit repsonse

150
Q

Memory Disruption

A

people can black out from alcohol when it suppresses REM sleep and also have brain shrinkage

151
Q

Expectancy Effects

A

thinking that they consumed alcohol made them act different and attributed behavior to it

152
Q

Barbituate

A

drugs that depress CNS activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

153
Q

Tranquilizer

A

barbituates

154
Q

Opiate

A

opium and its derivates; they depress neural activity which temporarily lessens pain and anxiety

155
Q

Endorphins

A

the brain’s own opiates

156
Q

Stimulant

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

157
Q

Amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity causing sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

158
Q

Nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

159
Q

Cocaine

A

powerful, addictive stimulant, derived from coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

160
Q

Methamphetamine

A

stimulates the CNS, same affects as amphetamines, reduces baseline dopamine levels

161
Q

Esctasy (MDMA)

A

synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen causes euphoria
* long term harm to serotonin producing neurons and cognition

162
Q

Psychedelics

A

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

163
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

164
Q

THC

A

major active ingredients in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations

165
Q

Medical Marijuana

A

approved to relieve pain and nausea for certain diseases

AP Psych (14 decks)

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