U8 Retake Flashcards
epigenetic effect
leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off
stability vs change
do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different personas as we age?
rooting reflex
when touched on the cheek, a baby will open mouth, turn toward the touch and try to eat
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
motor development
- 6 mo. sitting unsupported
- 8-9 mo. crawling
- 12 mo. starting to walk
- 15 mo. walking independently
sensorimotor stage
- piaget, birth - 2yrs
- experience the world through senses and actions
- object permanence and stranger anxiety
preoperational stage
- piaget, 2 - 6/7yrs
- representing things w/ words and images, also using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
- pretend play, egocentrism, and theory of mind
concrete operational stage
- piaget, 6/7 - 11yrs
- thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- conservation and mathematical transformations
formal operational
- piaget, 11/12 - adulthood
- abstract reasoning
- abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning
zone of proximal development
zone between what a kid can and can’t do on their own
- zone of what a kid can do with help
part of vygotsky’s theory and scaffolding
primary sexual characteristics
reproductive system, genitals
secondary sexual characteristics
non-reproductive parts like breast, body hair, etc.
preconventional reasoning
- kohlberg
- avoids punishment; obedience
- gains rewards; self interest
conventional reasoning
- gains approval, avoids disapproval; conformity
- does duty to society, avoids dishonor/guilt; law and order
postconventional
- human rights
- universal human ethics
trust vs. mistrust
- erikson
- infancy to 1 yr
- form trusting relationships w/ parents and mistrust w/ others
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
- erikson
- toddlerhood (1-3yrs)
- learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
initiative vs. guilt
- erikson
- preschool (3-6 yrs)
- learn to initiate and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to feel independent
competence vs. inferiority
- erikson
- elementary school (6-puberty)
- learn the pleasures of applying themselves to tasks, or feel inferior
identity vs. role confusion
- erikson
- adolescence (teen-into 20s)
- must find self identity while deciphering roles in occupation, politics, and religion
intimacy vs. isolation
- erikson
- young adulthood (20s-early 40s)
- must develop marriage seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
- erikson
- middle adulthood (40s-60s)
- people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose
integrity vs. despair
- erikson
- late adulthood (late 60s and up)
- reflecting on their life: they may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
erotic plasticity
sexual availability, levels to which sex drive can be influenced (nature v nurture)
mary ainsworth
- strange situation experiment
- explored attachment between kids and mothers
diana baumrind
- parenting style
erik erikson
each stage of life has it’s own psychosocial task/crisis that needs to be resolved
harry harlow
experimented with monkeys using different “mothers”
also found different types of attachment and isolation effects
carol gilligan
criticized kohlberg because his theories were aimed more at men than everyone (left out women)
lawrence kohlberg
development of different moral stages
konrad lorenz
imprinting theory
jean piaget
cognitive development stages
lev vygotsky
social learning, scaffolding, proximal zone of development
